Recuperating Engineering Network to Nature ?
The concept of “recuperating engineering networks to nature” touches on a few key, interconnected ideas:
- Nature Recovery Networks (NRNs):
- These are initiatives aimed at creating interconnected habitats, allowing wildlife to move freely and thrive. This involves restoring and connecting fragmented natural areas.
- The goal is to reverse biodiversity loss and help ecosystems adapt to climate change.
- NRNs emphasize that conservation efforts must extend beyond protected areas and integrate into the wider landscape.
- Engineering With Nature (EWN):
- This approach involves using natural processes to achieve engineering goals, such as shoreline protection or flood mitigation.
- Instead of relying solely on “hard” engineering solutions (like seawalls), EWN incorporates “soft” solutions like living shorelines, which provide habitat and enhance natural resilience.
- EWN aims to create solutions that benefit both human infrastructure and the environment.
- Restoring Natural Processes:
- This involves allowing natural ecological functions to resume, such as natural water flow, nutrient cycling, and species interactions.
- It can involve actions like removing barriers to river flow, rewilding areas, and reducing the use of harmful chemicals.
- The focus is on enabling ecosystems to self-regulate and recover.
In essence, “recuperating engineering networks to nature” signifies a shift towards:
- Recognizing the value of natural ecosystems.
- Integrating natural processes into human infrastructure.
- Prioritizing ecological restoration alongside engineering projects.
This approach is crucial for addressing the challenges of biodiversity loss and climate change, and for creating a more sustainable future.
What is Recuperating Engineering Network to Nature ?
The phrase “recuperating engineering networks to nature” points towards a growing philosophy that aims to harmonize human-made infrastructure with natural ecological systems. It’s about moving away from the idea that engineering and nature are mutually exclusive, and instead finding ways for them to support each other. Here’s a breakdown of what that entails:
Key Concepts:
- Engineering With Nature (EWN):
- This is a core principle. It means designing and implementing engineering projects that utilize natural processes to achieve desired outcomes. For example, instead of building a concrete seawall, a “living shoreline” might be created using plants, sand, and other natural materials. This provides coastal protection while also creating habitat for wildlife.
- Nature Recovery Networks (NRNs):
- These networks focus on restoring and connecting fragmented habitats. The goal is to create corridors that allow wildlife to move freely, increasing biodiversity and ecosystem resilience. Engineering projects can be designed to support NRNs by incorporating green infrastructure, such as wildlife crossings and green roofs.
- Restoring Natural Processes:
- This involves allowing natural ecological functions, like water flow and nutrient cycling, to resume. This might mean removing dams, restoring wetlands, or rewilding areas. Integrating these restored natural processes into engineering projects enhances their sustainability and long-term effectiveness.
In essence, “recuperating engineering networks to nature” represents:
- A shift from “hard” engineering solutions to “soft,” nature-based solutions.
- A recognition that healthy ecosystems provide essential services, such as flood control and water purification.
- A commitment to creating infrastructure that supports biodiversity and ecosystem resilience.
This approach is increasingly important as we face challenges like climate change and biodiversity loss. By working with nature, we can create more sustainable and resilient infrastructure that benefits both people and the planet.
Who is required Recuperating Engineering Network to Nature ?
The need for “recuperating engineering networks to nature” is widespread, affecting various sectors and stakeholders. Here’s a breakdown of who is required to participate in this shift:
1. Engineers and Infrastructure Developers:
- They are at the forefront of designing and implementing infrastructure projects. They need to integrate nature-based solutions into their designs, moving away from traditional “hard” engineering.
2. Governments and Policymakers:
- They play a crucial role in setting policies and regulations that encourage and incentivize nature-based solutions. This includes:
- Investing in nature recovery projects.
- Creating planning regulations that prioritize green infrastructure.
3. Land Managers and Farmers:
- They are responsible for managing vast areas of land. Adopting sustainable land management practices, such as:
- Restoring hedgerows.
- Creating wildlife corridors.
- Reducing the use of harmful chemicals.
- These actions are vital for creating connected nature recovery networks.
4. Urban Planners and Developers:
- They are responsible for designing our cities. Integrating green infrastructure into urban environments, such as:
- Green roofs.
- Urban parks.
- Rain gardens.
- This is essential for creating livable and sustainable cities.
5. Conservation Organizations:
- They play a vital role in advocating for nature recovery and providing expertise on ecological restoration.
- They work to restore habitats and connect fragmented landscapes.
6. Communities and Individuals:
- Everyone has a role to play in supporting nature recovery. This includes:
- Creating wildlife-friendly gardens.
- Supporting local conservation initiatives.
- Advocating for sustainable policies.
In essence:
- The need for “recuperating engineering networks to nature” is a collective responsibility.
- It requires collaboration across all sectors of society.
- Everyone is needed to participate in making this transition.
- Because healthy ecosystems benefit everyone, everyone has a part to play in their restoration.
When is required Recuperating Engineering Network to Nature ?
The need for “recuperating engineering networks to nature” is not a future concept; it’s an urgent requirement for the present. Here’s a breakdown of when this is needed:
1. Immediately, in Existing Infrastructure Projects:
- Any new infrastructure development should integrate nature-based solutions from the outset.
- This includes:
- Road and rail projects: Incorporating wildlife crossings and green corridors.
- Coastal defenses: Utilizing living shorelines instead of solely relying on concrete.
- Urban development: Prioritizing green spaces, rain gardens, and green roofs.
2. As Soon as Possible, in Restoration Efforts:
- Degraded ecosystems require immediate attention.
- This involves:
- Restoring wetlands and forests.
- Removing dams and restoring natural river flows.
- Rewilding areas to allow natural processes to resume.
3. Continuously, in Ongoing Land Management:
- Sustainable land management practices are essential for long-term ecosystem health.
- This includes:
- Shifting to regenerative agriculture.
- Reducing the use of harmful pesticides and fertilizers.
- Protecting and restoring natural habitats on farmland.
4. Now, in Policy and Planning:
- Governments and policymakers need to act decisively.
- This involves:
- Enacting policies that incentivize nature-based solutions.
- Investing in nature recovery initiatives.
- Integrating ecological considerations into all planning decisions.
Why the Urgency?
- Climate Change:
- Nature-based solutions play a crucial role in mitigating climate change by sequestering carbon and enhancing resilience.
- Biodiversity Loss:
- We are experiencing an unprecedented loss of biodiversity, and immediate action is needed to reverse this trend.
- Ecosystem Services:
- Healthy ecosystems provide essential services, such as clean water, clean air, and flood control, which are vital for human well-being.
In essence, the time to “recuperate engineering networks to nature” is now. The longer we wait, the more difficult and costly it will be to address the challenges of climate change and biodiversity loss.
COURTESY : nature video
Where is required Recuperating Engineering Network to Nature ?
The need to “recuperate engineering networks to nature” is a global imperative, but it manifests in specific ways across various environments. Here’s a breakdown of key areas where this approach is crucial:
1. Coastal Zones:
- Where:
- Shorelines facing erosion.
- Areas vulnerable to sea-level rise and storm surges.
- Degraded coastal habitats like mangroves and salt marshes.
- Why:
- Living shorelines and restored coastal ecosystems provide natural defenses against coastal hazards.
- They also create vital habitats for marine life.
2. River Systems:
- Where:
- Rivers with dams and other barriers.
- Floodplains that have been disconnected from rivers.
- Areas suffering from water pollution.
- Why:
- Removing dams and restoring natural river flows enhance biodiversity and improve water quality.
- Restoring floodplains reduces flood risks and provides valuable habitat.
3. Urban Environments:
- Where:
- Cities with limited green spaces.
- Areas prone to urban heat islands and flooding.
- Regions with poor air quality.
- Why:
- Green infrastructure, like green roofs and rain gardens, helps to mitigate urban heat, manage stormwater, and improve air quality.
- Urban parks and green corridors provide vital habitat for wildlife and enhance human well-being.
4. Agricultural Landscapes:
- Where:
- Farmland with intensive agricultural practices.
- Areas experiencing soil erosion and water pollution.
- Regions with declining pollinator populations.
- Why:
- Sustainable agriculture practices, such as regenerative farming and agroforestry, enhance soil health, reduce pollution, and support biodiversity.
- Hedgerows and wildlife corridors provide habitat for pollinators and other beneficial species.
5. Forests and Wildlands:
- Where:
- Deforested areas.
- Fragmented habitats.
- Areas vulnerable to wildfires.
- Why:
- Reforestation and habitat restoration enhance carbon sequestration and biodiversity.
- Rewilding efforts allow natural processes to resume and enhance ecosystem resilience.
In essence, the need to “recuperate engineering networks to nature” is present wherever human activities have disrupted natural ecosystems. This includes:
- Any location that has had hard engineering solutions implemented.
- Any place where natural habitats have been fragmented.
- Any region where pollution degrades ecosystem services.
Therefore, this is a globally needed change in how humanity interacts with the natural world.
How is required Recuperating Engineering Network to Nature ?
“Recuperating engineering networks to nature” requires a multifaceted approach, blending ecological principles with engineering practices. Here’s a breakdown of how this can be achieved:
1. Integrating Nature-Based Solutions (NBS) into Infrastructure:
- Living Shorelines:
- Instead of hard seawalls, use natural elements like vegetation, sand, and rocks to stabilize coastlines.
- Green Infrastructure in Urban Areas:
- Implement green roofs, rain gardens, and permeable pavements to manage stormwater and reduce urban heat.
- Create urban parks and green corridors to provide habitat and connectivity.
- Wildlife Crossings:
- Construct overpasses and underpasses to allow animals to safely cross roads and railways.
- River Restoration:
- Remove dams and restore natural river meanders to enhance biodiversity and flood control.
2. Restoring and Connecting Habitats:
- Nature Recovery Networks (NRNs):
- Develop interconnected networks of habitats to allow wildlife to move freely and thrive.
- This involves restoring degraded habitats and creating corridors between fragmented areas.
- Rewilding:
- Allow natural processes to resume in certain areas, promoting self-regulation and ecosystem resilience.
- Reforestation and Afforestation:
- Plant trees to restore forests, sequester carbon, and provide habitat.
3. Sustainable Land Management:
- Regenerative Agriculture:
- Adopt farming practices that enhance soil health, reduce pollution, and promote biodiversity.
- Reducing Chemical Use:
- Minimize the use of pesticides and fertilizers that harm ecosystems.
- Protecting and Restoring Wetlands:
- Conserve and restore wetlands, which provide vital habitat and regulate water flow.
4. Policy and Planning:
- Integrating Ecological Considerations:
- Incorporate ecological principles into all planning and development decisions.
- Incentivizing Nature-Based Solutions:
- Provide financial incentives and regulatory support for projects that integrate NBS.
- Establishing Protected Areas:
- Create and expand protected areas to safeguard biodiversity.
5. Collaboration and Education:
- Engaging Stakeholders:
- Foster collaboration among engineers, ecologists, policymakers, and communities.
- Raising Awareness:
- Educate the public about the importance of nature recovery and the benefits of NBS.
- Promoting Research and Innovation:
- Support research to develop and improve nature-based solutions.
In essence, “recuperating engineering networks to nature” requires a shift in mindset, from viewing nature as an obstacle to recognizing it as a valuable partner. It involves integrating ecological principles into all aspects of infrastructure development and land management.
Case study is Recuperating Engineering Network to Nature ?
It’s helpful to look at real-world examples to understand how “recuperating engineering networks to nature” is being put into practice. Here are a few case study areas that illustrate this concept:
1. Coastal Restoration with Living Shorelines:
- Example:
- Instead of traditional concrete seawalls, many coastal communities are implementing “living shorelines.” These involve using natural materials like oyster reefs, vegetation, and sand to stabilize shorelines.
- This approach not only protects against erosion but also creates valuable habitat for marine life and improves water quality.
- These projects can be found in places like the Chesapeake Bay in the United States, where they are being used to combat erosion and restore oyster populations.
- How it relates:
- This is a clear example of engineering with nature, where natural processes are used to achieve engineering goals.
2. River Restoration and Dam Removal:
- Example:
- Many rivers around the world have been heavily modified by dams, which disrupt natural flow patterns and harm aquatic ecosystems.
- Increasingly, dams are being removed to restore natural river flows and allow fish to migrate freely.
- The removal of the Elwha River dams in Washington state, USA, is a prominent example of this.
- How it relates:
- This demonstrates the recuperation of engineering networks by removing infrastructure that interferes with natural processes.
3. Urban Green Infrastructure:
- Example:
- Cities are increasingly adopting green infrastructure solutions, such as green roofs, rain gardens, and urban wetlands, to manage stormwater, reduce urban heat, and improve air quality.
- Cities like Berlin, Germany, are known for their extensive green infrastructure networks.
- How it relates:
- This shows how engineering networks can be integrated with nature within urban settings.
4. Forest Restoration and Rewilding:
- Example:
- Projects focused on restoring degraded forests and rewilding areas are aimed at allowing natural ecological processes to resume.
- These projects can involve removing invasive species, restoring native vegetation, and reintroducing keystone species.
- An example of this is the work that Junglescapes is doing in the Bandipur Tiger Reserve in South India.
- How it relates:
- This is a prime example of restoring natural processes within a wide area, and allowing nature to heal itself.
These case studies highlight the diverse ways in which “recuperating engineering networks to nature” is being implemented across different environments.
COURTESY : Nature League
White paper on Recuperating Engineering Network to Nature ?
Creating a full white paper would be extensive, but I can outline the key sections and arguments it would contain, providing a framework for a comprehensive document on “Recuperating Engineering Networks to Nature.”
Title: Recuperating Engineering Networks to Nature: A Framework for Sustainable Infrastructure and Ecosystem Resilience
Abstract:
- Briefly introduce the concept of “recuperating engineering networks to nature.”
- Highlight the urgency of integrating nature-based solutions (NBS) due to climate change and biodiversity loss.
- State the white paper’s purpose: to provide a framework for implementing NBS in infrastructure development and ecosystem restoration.
1. Introduction:
- Define “recuperating engineering networks to nature” and its core principles.
- Discuss the historical context of engineering practices and their impact on ecosystems.
- Present the rationale for shifting towards NBS.
- Outline the white paper’s structure.
2. The Urgency of Nature-Based Solutions:
- Climate Change Impacts:
- Discuss how NBS can mitigate climate change (carbon sequestration) and enhance resilience (flood control, heat reduction).
- Biodiversity Crisis:
- Explain the role of NBS in restoring habitats and supporting biodiversity.
- Ecosystem Services:
- Emphasize the economic and social value of ecosystem services.
3. Principles and Framework for Implementation:
- Engineering With Nature (EWN):
- Detail the principles of EWN and its application in various sectors.
- Nature Recovery Networks (NRNs):
- Explain the importance of creating interconnected habitats.
- Restoring Natural Processes:
- Discuss strategies for restoring natural hydrological cycles, soil health, and ecological functions.
- Key steps for implementation.
- Assess the current situation.
- Plan with ecological principles.
- Implement using NBS.
- Monitor and adapt.
4. Sector-Specific Applications:
- Coastal Infrastructure:
- Living shorelines, mangrove restoration, and reef restoration.
- River Systems:
- Dam removal, floodplain restoration, and riparian buffer zones.
- Urban Environments:
- Green infrastructure, urban forests, and permeable pavements.
- Agricultural Landscapes:
- Regenerative agriculture, agroforestry, and hedgerow restoration.
- Transportation networks:
- Wildlife crossings, roadside habitat restoration.
5. Policy and Governance:
- Policy Recommendations:
- Incentivizing NBS through regulations and financial mechanisms.
- Integrating ecological considerations into planning and development processes.
- Governance Frameworks:
- Promoting collaboration among stakeholders.
- Establishing clear guidelines and standards for NBS.
- Legal and financial tools.
6. Case Studies and Best Practices:
- Present successful examples of NBS implementation from around the world.
- Analyze the factors that contributed to their success.
- Highlight lessons learned and best practices.
7. Challenges and Solutions:
- Address potential challenges, such as:
- Resistance to change.
- Lack of funding.
- Technical expertise.
- Propose solutions to overcome these challenges.
8. Conclusion:
- Summarize the key benefits of “recuperating engineering networks to nature.”
- Reiterate the importance of a collaborative and integrated approach.
- Call for action to accelerate the adoption of NBS.
9. Recommendations:
- Specific, actionable recommendations for policymakers, engineers, and other stakeholders.
10. References:
- A comprehensive list of cited sources.
Key Arguments:
- NBS are essential for building resilient infrastructure and ecosystems.
- Integrating nature into engineering practices is economically and ecologically sound.
- Policy and governance play a crucial role in driving the adoption of NBS.
- Collaboration and knowledge sharing are vital for successful implementation.
- The time for action is now.
This outline provides a robust framework for a white paper that can effectively advocate for the “recuperating engineering networks to nature” approach.
Industrial application of Recuperating Engineering Network to Nature ?
The application of “Recuperating Engineering Networks to Nature” within industrial settings is becoming increasingly vital. Here’s how this concept translates into practical industrial applications:
Key Industrial Applications:
- Wastewater Treatment and Reuse:
- Industries generating significant wastewater can implement constructed wetlands and other nature-based systems for treatment. These systems utilize natural processes to remove pollutants, reducing reliance on energy-intensive chemical treatments.
- This also allows for the reuse of treated wastewater for irrigation or industrial processes, conserving water resources.
- Companies like Veolia are at the forefront of this, developing systems that use plants and microorganisms to purify industrial wastewater.
- Stormwater Management:
- Industrial sites with extensive paved areas contribute to stormwater runoff, which can carry pollutants into waterways.
- Implementing green infrastructure, such as rain gardens, permeable pavements, and vegetated swales, can help manage stormwater runoff, reduce pollution, and recharge groundwater.
- Erosion Control and Land Restoration:
- Mining and construction industries can utilize nature-based solutions to restore degraded land and control erosion.
- This includes:
- Revegetation with native plants.
- Using bioengineering techniques to stabilize slopes.
- Restoring natural drainage patterns.
- Air Quality Improvement:
- Industrial facilities can incorporate green roofs and vertical gardens to absorb air pollutants and reduce urban heat island effects.
- Planting trees and creating greenbelts around industrial sites can also help improve air quality.
- Supply Chain Sustainability:
- Industries reliant on natural resources can adopt sustainable sourcing practices that promote ecosystem conservation.
- This includes:
- Supporting sustainable forestry and agriculture.
- Investing in habitat restoration projects.
- Reducing the environmental impact of transportation.
Benefits for Industry:
- Reduced Environmental Impact:
- Minimizing pollution and conserving resources.
- Cost Savings:
- Lowering energy and water consumption.
- Reducing reliance on expensive chemical treatments.
- Enhanced Reputation:
- Demonstrating commitment to sustainability.
- Improving stakeholder relations.
- Increased Resilience:
- Adapting to climate change impacts.
- Building more robust supply chains.
In essence, industries are increasingly recognizing that integrating nature into their operations is not only environmentally responsible but also economically beneficial.
Research and development of Recuperating Engineering Network to Nature ?
The research and development (R&D) of “Recuperating Engineering Networks to Nature” is a dynamic and rapidly evolving field. It encompasses a wide range of disciplines and focuses on developing innovative solutions that integrate ecological principles into engineering practices. Here’s a look at key areas of R&D:
Key Research Areas:
- Nature-Based Solutions (NBS) Effectiveness:
- Research is ongoing to quantify the effectiveness of NBS in achieving specific engineering goals, such as flood control, erosion mitigation, and water purification.
- This involves monitoring and modeling the performance of NBS in real-world settings.
- Researchers are also exploring the long-term resilience of NBS and their ability to adapt to changing environmental conditions.
- Ecological Engineering:
- This field focuses on designing and constructing ecosystems that provide both ecological and engineering benefits.
- R&D in ecological engineering involves developing new techniques for habitat restoration, wetland creation, and bioengineering.
- Research is being conducted into the use of novel materials that are both environmentally friendly and structurally sound.
- Biodiversity and Ecosystem Services:
- Researchers are investigating the relationship between biodiversity and ecosystem services, such as carbon sequestration, pollination, and water filtration.
- This research aims to identify the most effective strategies for enhancing biodiversity in engineered landscapes.
- There is also research into the economic valuation of ecosystem services, which can help justify investments in NBS.
- Monitoring and Modeling:
- Advances in remote sensing, data analytics, and modeling are enabling researchers to better monitor and predict the performance of ecosystems.
- These technologies are being used to assess the health of ecosystems, track the movement of wildlife, and model the impacts of climate change.
- This data is vital for making informed decisions about infrastructure planning and ecosystem restoration.
- Materials Science:
- Researchers are developing new materials that are more compatible with natural ecosystems.
- This includes:
- Bio-concretes that support the growth of marine organisms.
- Biodegradable materials for erosion control.
- “Living” building materials that incorporate living organisms.
- Social and Economic Research:
- Understanding the social and economic factors that influence the adoption of NBS is also crucial.
- Researchers are studying the barriers to implementation, the economic benefits of NBS, and the role of public engagement.
Institutions and Organizations:
- Universities and research institutions around the world are conducting cutting-edge research on NBS and ecological engineering.
- Organizations like the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers’ Engineering With Nature (EWN) program are leading efforts to integrate NBS into infrastructure projects.
- Many environmental NGOs and conservation organizations are also involved in research and development related to ecosystem restoration.
In essence, the R&D of “Recuperating Engineering Networks to Nature” is a multidisciplinary endeavor that is essential for creating a more sustainable and resilient future.
COURTESY : CIEEM
References
- ^ Girardin, Cécile A. J.; Jenkins, Stuart; Seddon, Nathalie; Allen, Myles; Lewis, Simon L.; Wheeler, Charlotte E.; Griscom, Bronson W.; Malhi, Yadvinder (2021). “Nature-based solutions can help cool the planet — if we act now”. Nature. 593 (7858): 191–194. Bibcode:2021Natur.593..191G. doi:10.1038/d41586-021-01241-2. PMID 33981055.
- ^ Frantzeskaki, Niki; McPhearson, Timon; Collier, Marcus J; Kendal, Dave; Bulkeley, Harriet; Dumitru, Adina; Walsh, Claire; Noble, Kate; van Wyk, Ernita; Ordóñez, Camilo; Oke, Cathy; Pintér, László (2019). “Nature-Based Solutions for Urban Climate Change Adaptation: Linking Science, Policy, and Practice Communities for Evidence-Based Decision-Making”. BioScience. 69 (6): 455–466. doi:10.1093/biosci/biz042. hdl:2183/36896.
- ^ Jump up to:a b c Debele, S. E.; Leo, L. S.; Kumar, P.; Sahani, J.; Ommer, J.; Bucchignani, E.; Vranić, S.; Kalas, M.; Amirzada, Z.; Pavlova, I.; Shah, M. A. R.; Gonzalez-Ollauri, A.; Di Sabatino, S. (2023). “Nature-based solutions can help reduce the impact of natural hazards: A global analysis of NBS case studies”. Science of the Total Environment. 902: 165824. Bibcode:2023ScTEn.90265824D. doi:10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.165824. hdl:11585/953217. PMID 37527720.
- ^ Eggermont, Hilde; Balian, Estelle; Azevedo, José Manuel N.; Beumer, Victor; Brodin, Tomas; Claudet, Joachim; Fady, Bruno; Grube, Martin; Keune, Hans (2015). “Nature-based Solutions: New Influence for Environmental Management and Research in Europe” (PDF). Gaia – Ecological Perspectives for Science and Society. 24 (4): 243–248. doi:10.14512/gaia.24.4.9. S2CID 53518417. Archived (PDF) from the original on 7 May 2020. Retrieved 24 May 2020.
- ^ Jump up to:a b c Environment, U. N. (2019). “Nature-Based Solutions for Climate”. UNEP – UN Environment Programme. Retrieved 2024-01-11.
- ^ Jump up to:a b c d e f g Parmesan, C., M.D. Morecroft, Y. Trisurat, R. Adrian, G.Z. Anshari, A. Arneth, Q. Gao, P. Gonzalez, R. Harris, J. Price, N. Stevens, and G.H. Talukdarr, 2022: Chapter 2: Terrestrial and Freshwater Ecosystems and Their Services. In: Climate Change 2022: Impacts, Adaptation and Vulnerability. Contribution of Working Group II to the Sixth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change [H.-O. Pörtner, D.C. Roberts, M. Tignor, E.S. Poloczanska, K. Mintenbeck, A. Alegría, M. Craig, S. Langsdorf, S. Löschke, V. Möller, A. Okem, B. Rama (eds.)]. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK and New York, NY, USA, pp. 197–377, doi:10.1017/9781009325844.004.
- ^ Jump up to:a b c d e Eggermont, Hilde; Balian, Estelle; Azevedo, José Manuel N.; Beumer, Victor; Brodin, Tomas; Claudet, Joachim; Fady, Bruno; Grube, Martin; Keune, Hans (2015). “Nature-based Solutions: New Influence for Environmental Management and Research in Europe” (PDF). Gaia – Ecological Perspectives for Science and Society. 24 (4): 243–248. doi:10.14512/gaia.24.4.9. hdl:10400.3/4170. S2CID 53518417. Archived (PDF) from the original on 7 May 2020. Retrieved 24 May 2020.
- ^ Marois, Darryl E.; Mitsch, William J. (2 January 2015). “Coastal protection from tsunamis and cyclones provided by mangrove wetlands – a review”. International Journal of Biodiversity Science, Ecosystem Services & Management. 11 (1): 71–83. Bibcode:2015IJBSE..11…71M. doi:10.1080/21513732.2014.997292. ISSN 2151-3732. S2CID 86554474. Archived from the original on 23 November 2021. Retrieved 5 September 2021.
- ^ Inoue, Tomomi (2019), “Carbon Sequestration in Mangroves”, Blue Carbon in Shallow Coastal Ecosystems, Singapore: Springer Singapore, pp. 73–99, doi:10.1007/978-981-13-1295-3_3, ISBN 978-981-13-1294-6, S2CID 133839393, archived from the original on 23 November 2021, retrieved 5 September 2021
- ^ Jump up to:a b c d Faivre, Nicolas; Fritz, Marco; Freitas, Tiago; de Boissezon, Birgit; Vandewoestijne, Sofie (2017). “Nature-Based Solutions in the EU: Innovating with nature to address social, economic and environmental challenges”. Environmental Research. 159: 509–518. Bibcode:2017ER….159..509F. doi:10.1016/j.envres.2017.08.032. ISSN 0013-9351. PMID 28886502. S2CID 42573101. Archived from the original on 23 November 2021. Retrieved 5 September 2021.
- ^ Jump up to:a b Wamsler, C.; Wickenberg, B.; Hanson, H.; Alkan Olsson, J.; Stålhammar, S.; Björn, H.; Falck, H.; Gerell, D.; Oskarsson, T.; Simonsson, E.; Torffvit, F. (2020). “Environmental and climate policy integration: Targeted strategies for overcoming barriers to nature-based solutions and climate change adaptation”. Journal of Cleaner Production. 247: 119154. Bibcode:2020JCPro.24719154W. doi:10.1016/j.jclepro.2019.119154. ISSN 0959-6526.
- ^ Jump up to:a b c d e f Chausson, Alexandre; Turner, Beth; Seddon, Dan; Chabaneix, Nicole; Girardin, Cécile A. J.; Kapos, Valerie; Key, Isabel; Roe, Dilys; Smith, Alison; Woroniecki, Stephen; Seddon, Nathalie (2020-09-09). “Mapping the effectiveness of nature-based solutions for climate change adaptation”. Global Change Biology. 26 (11): 6134–6155. Bibcode:2020GCBio..26.6134C. doi:10.1111/gcb.15310. ISSN 1354-1013. PMID 32906226. S2CID 221621517.
- ^ Jump up to:a b c IPCC, 2022: Summary for Policymakers [H.-O. Pörtner, D.C. Roberts, E.S. Poloczanska, K. Mintenbeck, M. Tignor, A. Alegría, M. Craig, S. Langsdorf, S. Löschke, V. Möller, A. Okem (eds.)]. In: Climate Change 2022: Impacts, Adaptation and Vulnerability. Contribution of Working Group II to the Sixth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change [H.-O. Pörtner, D.C. Roberts, M. Tignor, E.S. Poloczanska, K. Mintenbeck, A. Alegría, M. Craig, S. Langsdorf, S. Löschke, V. Möller, A. Okem, B. Rama (eds.)]. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK and New York, NY, USA, pp. 3–33, doi:10.1017/9781009325844.001.
- ^ Jump up to:a b c d e f g Cohen-Shacham, E., G. Walters, C. Janzen, S. Maginnis (eds). 2016. Nature-based solutions to address global societal challenges. Gland, Switzerland: IUCN. Xiii + 97 pp. Downloadable from https://portals.iucn.org/library/node/46191 Archived 1 April 2021 at the Wayback Machine
- ^ Dubash, N.K., C. Mitchell, E.L. Boasson, M.J. Borbor-Cordova, S. Fifita, E. Haites, M. Jaccard, F. Jotzo, S. Naidoo, P. Romero-Lankao, M. Shlapak, W. Shen, L. Wu, 2022: Chapter 13: National and sub-national policies and institutions. In IPCC, 2022: Climate Change 2022: Mitigation of Climate Change. Contribution of Working Group III to the Sixth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change [P.R. Shukla, J. Skea, R. Slade, A. Al Khourdajie, R. van Diemen, D. McCollum, M. Pathak, S. Some, P. Vyas, R. Fradera, M. Belkacemi, A. Hasija, G. Lisboa, S. Luz, J. Malley, (eds.)]. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK and New York, NY, USA. doi: 10.1017/9781009157926.015
- ^ Lecocq, F., H. Winkler, J.P. Daka, S. Fu, J.S. Gerber, S. Kartha, V. Krey, H. Lofgren, T. Masui, R. Mathur, J. Portugal-Pereira, B. K. Sovacool, M. V. Vilariño, N. Zhou, 2022: Chapter 4: Mitigation and development pathways in the near- to mid-term. In IPCC, 2022: Climate Change 2022: Mitigation of Climate Change. Contribution of Working Group III to the Sixth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change [P.R. Shukla, J. Skea, R. Slade, A. Al Khourdajie, R. van Diemen, D. McCollum, M. Pathak, S. Some, P. Vyas, R. Fradera, M. Belkacemi, A. Hasija, G. Lisboa, S. Luz, J. Malley, (eds.)]. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK and New York, NY, USA. doi: 10.1017/9781009157926.006
- ^ Jump up to:a b “Nature-Based Solutions – European Commission”. Archived from the original on 23 September 2019. Retrieved 10 December 2019.
- ^ Jump up to:a b Wild, Tom; Freitas, Tiago; Vandewoestijne, Sofie (2020). Nature-based Solutions – State of the Art in EU-funded Projects (PDF). Archived (PDF) from the original on 11 January 2021. Retrieved 11 January 2021.
- ^ “‘Nature-based solutions’ is the latest green jargon that means more than you might think”. Nature. 541 (7636): 133–134. 2017. Bibcode:2017Natur.541R.133.. doi:10.1038/541133b. ISSN 0028-0836. PMID 28079099. S2CID 4455842.
- ^ MacKinnon, K., C. Sobrevila, V. Hickey. 2008. Biodiversity, climate change and adaptation: nature-based solutions from the Word Bank portfolio. Washington D.C.: World Bank.
- ^ IUCN (International Union for Conservation of Nature). 2009. No time to lose – make full use of nature-based solutions in the post-2012 climate change regime. Position paper on the Fifteenth session of the Conference of the Parties to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (COP 15). Gland: IUCN.
- ^ Jump up to:a b European Commission. 2015. Towards an EU Research and Innovation policy agenda for nature-based solutions & re-naturing cities. Final Report of the Horizon2020 Expert Group on Nature-Based Solutions and Re-Naturing Cities. Brussels: European Commission.
- ^ “Global Climate Action Summit kicks off today in San Francisco with nature-based solutions high on the agenda”. Global Climate Action Summit kicks off today in San Francisco with nature-based solutions high on the agenda. 12 September 2018. Archived from the original on 13 September 2018. Retrieved 13 September 2018.
- ^ IUCN (International Union for Conservation of Nature). 2016. Resolution 077 World Conservation Congress 2016, Hawai’i (https://portals.iucn.org/congress/motion/077 Archived 2019-08-08 at the Wayback Machine) 17. European Commission. 2016. Horizon2020 Work Programme 2016–2017 – 12. Climate action, environment, resource efficiency & raw materials, 99 pp. (http://ec.europa.eu/research/participants/data/ref/h2020/wp/2016_2017/main/h2020-wp1617-climate_en.pdf Archived 13 December 2016 at the Wayback Machine)
- ^ IUCN (International Union for Conservation of Nature). 2016. Resolution 077 World Conservation Congress 2016, Hawai’i (https://portals.iucn.org/congress/motion/077 Archived 8 August 2019 at the Wayback Machine)
- ^ European Commission. 2016. Horizon2020 Work Programme 2016–2017 – 12. Climate action, environment, resource efficiency & raw materials, 99 pp. (http://ec.europa.eu/research/participants/data/ref/h2020/wp/2016_2017/main/h2020-wp1617-climate_en.pdf Archived 13 December 2016 at the Wayback Machine)
- ^ Milner-Gulland, E.J.; Addison, Prue; Arlidge, William N.S.; Baker, Julia; Booth, Hollie; Brooks, Thomas; Bull, Joseph W.; Burgass, Michael J.; Ekstrom, Jon; zu Ermgassen, Sophus O.S.E.; Fleming, L. Vincent; Grub, Henry M.J.; von Hase, Amrei; Hoffmann, Michael; Hutton, Jonathan (2021-01-22). “Four steps for the Earth: mainstreaming the post-2020 global biodiversity framework”. One Earth. 4 (1): 75–87. Bibcode:2021OEart…4…75M. doi:10.1016/j.oneear.2020.12.011. ISSN 2590-3322.
- ^ Harris, Duchess (15 December 2018). The Paris climate agreement. ISBN 978-1-5321-5964-0. OCLC 1101137974.
- ^ Paris Agreement (2015), Paris, France
- ^ “Nature-Based Solutions Policy Platform”. www.nbspolicyplatform.org. Archived from the original on 2020-05-24. Retrieved 13 September 2018.
- ^ “Nationally Determined Contributions (NDCs) | UNFCCC”. unfccc.int. Archived from the original on 13 September 2018. Retrieved 13 September 2018.
- ^ “Ecosystem-based adaptation: a win–win formula for sustainability in a warming world?”. July 2016. Archived from the original on 13 September 2018. Retrieved 13 September 2018.
- ^ Jump up to:a b Raymond, Christopher M.; Frantzeskaki, Niki; Kabisch, Nadja; Berry, Pam; Breil, Margaretha; Nita, Mihai Razvan; Geneletti, Davide; Calfapietra, Carlo (2017). “A framework for assessing and implementing the co-benefits of nature-based solutions in urban areas”. Environmental Science & Policy. 77: 15–24. Bibcode:2017ESPol..77…15R. doi:10.1016/j.envsci.2017.07.008. hdl:11572/200028. ISSN 1462-9011. S2CID 55764441. Archived from the original on 23 November 2021. Retrieved 5 September 2021.
- ^ Bush, Judy; Doyon, Andréanne (2019). “Building urban resilience with nature-based solutions: How can urban planning contribute?”. Cities. 95: 102483. doi:10.1016/j.cities.2019.102483. hdl:11343/233228. ISSN 0264-2751. S2CID 211385632. Archived from the original on 23 November 2021. Retrieved 5 September 2021.
- ^ Jump up to:a b Frantzeskaki, Niki (2019). “Seven lessons for planning nature-based solutions in cities”. Environmental Science & Policy. 93: 101–111. Bibcode:2019ESPol..93..101F. doi:10.1016/j.envsci.2018.12.033. ISSN 1462-9011.
- ^ Jump up to:a b c Chen, Wenjie; Wang, Weiqi; Huang, Guoru; Wang, Zhaoli; Lai, Chengguang; Yang, Zhiyong (2021-02-15). “The capacity of grey infrastructure in urban flood management: A comprehensive analysis of grey infrastructure and the green-grey approach”. International Journal of Disaster Risk Reduction. 54: 102045. Bibcode:2021IJDRR..5402045C. doi:10.1016/j.ijdrr.2021.102045. ISSN 2212-4209. S2CID 234190451.
- ^ Kourtis, Ioannis M.; Bellos, Vasilis; Kopsiaftis, George; Psiloglou, Basil; Tsihrintzis, Vassilios A. (2021-12-01). “Methodology for holistic assessment of grey-green flood mitigation measures for climate change adaptation in urban basins”. Journal of Hydrology. 603: 126885. Bibcode:2021JHyd..60326885K. doi:10.1016/j.jhydrol.2021.126885. ISSN 0022-1694. S2CID 239659097.
- ^ Jump up to:a b c Hankin, Barry; Page, Trevor; McShane, Gareth; Chappell, Nick; Spray, Chris; Black, Andrew; Comins, Luke (2021-08-01). “How can we plan resilient systems of nature-based mitigation measures in larger catchments for flood risk reduction now and in the future?”. Water Security. 13: 100091. Bibcode:2021WatSe..1300091H. doi:10.1016/j.wasec.2021.100091. ISSN 2468-3124. S2CID 238840688.
- ^ Jump up to:a b c d Qi, Yunfei; Chan, Faith Ka Shun; Thorne, Colin; O’Donnell, Emily; Quagliolo, Carlotta; Comino, Elena; Pezzoli, Alessandro; Li, Lei; Griffiths, James; Sang, Yanfang; Feng, Meili (October 2020). “Addressing Challenges of Urban Water Management in Chinese Sponge Cities via Nature-Based Solutions”. Water. 12 (10): 2788. doi:10.3390/w12102788.
- ^ UN-Water (2018) World Water Development Report 2018 Archived 8 September 2019 at the Wayback Machine, Geneva, Switzerland
- ^ UN-Water (2018) World Water Development Report 2018: Nature-based Solutions for Water Archived 8 September 2019 at the Wayback Machine, Geneva, Switzerland
- ^ The State of the World’s Forests 2020. Forests, biodiversity and people – In brief. Rome: FAO & UNEP. 2020. doi:10.4060/ca8985en. ISBN 978-92-5-132707-4. S2CID 241416114.
- ^ “Global Forest Resource Assessment 2020”. www.fao.org. Retrieved 20 September 2020.
- ^ IUCN (2019), Forest landscape restoration pathways to achieving the SDGs, INTERNATIONAL UNION FOR CONSERVATION OF NATURE
- ^ Anderson, Carl C.; Renaud, Fabrice G. (19 February 2021). “A review of public acceptance of nature-based solutions: The ‘why’, ‘when’, and ‘how’ of success for disaster risk reduction measures”. Ambio. 50 (8): 1552–1573. Bibcode:2021Ambio..50.1552A. doi:10.1007/s13280-021-01502-4. ISSN 0044-7447. PMC 8249538. PMID 33606249. Archived from the original on 23 November 2021. Retrieved 5 September 2021.
- ^ Jump up to:a b Cohen-Shacham, Emmanuelle; Andrade, Angela; Dalton, James; Dudley, Nigel; Jones, Mike; Kumar, Chetan; Maginnis, Stewart; Maynard, Simone; Nelson, Cara R.; Renaud, Fabrice G.; Welling, Rebecca (2019). “Core principles for successfully implementing and upscaling Nature-based Solutions”. Environmental Science & Policy. 98: 20–29. Bibcode:2019ESPol..98…20C. doi:10.1016/j.envsci.2019.04.014. ISSN 1462-9011. S2CID 182716739.
- ^ Seddon, Nathalie; Chausson, Alexandre; Berry, Pam; Girardin, Cécile A. J.; Smith, Alison; Turner, Beth (2020). “Understanding the value and limits of nature-based solutions to climate change and other global challenges”. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences. 375 (1794): 20190120. doi:10.1098/rstb.2019.0120. ISSN 0962-8436. PMC 7017763. PMID 31983344.
- ^ Dhyani, Shalini; Karki, Madhav; Gupta, Anil Kumar (2020), “Opportunities and Advances to Mainstream Nature-Based Solutions in Disaster Risk Management and Climate Strategy”, Nature-based Solutions for Resilient Ecosystems and Societies, Disaster Resilience and Green Growth, Singapore: Springer Singapore, pp. 1–26, doi:10.1007/978-981-15-4712-6_1, ISBN 978-981-15-4711-9, S2CID 226611591, archived from the original on 23 November 2021, retrieved 5 September 2021
- ^ Costa, Sandra; Peters, Rik; Martins, Ricardo; Postmes, Luuk; Keizer, Jan Jacob; Roebeling, Peter (March 2021). “Effectiveness of Nature-Based Solutions on Pluvial Flood Hazard Mitigation: The Case Study of the City of Eindhoven (The Netherlands)”. Resources. 10 (3): 24. doi:10.3390/resources10030024.
- ^ Jump up to:a b c Mubeen, Adam; Ruangpan, Laddaporn; Vojinovic, Zoran; Sanchez Torrez, Arlex; Plavšić, Jasna (2021-08-01). “Planning and Suitability Assessment of Large-scale Nature-based Solutions for Flood-risk Reduction”. Water Resources Management. 35 (10): 3063–3081. Bibcode:2021WatRM..35.3063M. doi:10.1007/s11269-021-02848-w. ISSN 1573-1650. S2CID 235781989.
- ^ “ThinkNature | Platform for Nature-Based Solutions”. ThinkNature. Archived from the original on 5 September 2021. Retrieved 5 September 2021.
- ^ Nikolaidis, Nikolaos P.; Kolokotsa, Dionyssia; Banwart, Steven A. (16 March 2017). “Nature-based solutions: business”. Nature. 543 (7645): 315. Bibcode:2017Natur.543..315N. doi:10.1038/543315d. ISSN 0028-0836. PMID 28300105.
- ^ “Nature-Based Solutions, Tallinn, 24–26 October 2017”. Archived from the original on 21 June 2018. Retrieved 21 March 2018.
- ^ Nam Pham, Tamra Gilbertson, Joshua Witchger, Elisa Soto-Danseco, and Tom BK Goldtooth (2022) Nature-based solutions. Indigenous Environmental Network Climate Justice Program Briefing Series
- ^ Ara Begum, R., R. Lempert, E. Ali, T.A. Benjaminsen, T. Bernauer, W. Cramer, X. Cui, K. Mach, G. Nagy, N.C. Stenseth, R. Sukumar, and P.Wester, 2022: Chapter 1: Point of Departure and Key Concepts. In: Climate Change 2022: Impacts, Adaptation and Vulnerability. Contribution of Working Group II to the Sixth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change [H.-O. Pörtner, D.C. Roberts, M. Tignor, E.S. Poloczanska, K. Mintenbeck, A. Alegría, M. Craig, S. Langsdorf, S. Löschke, V. Möller, A. Okem, B. Rama (eds.)]. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK and New York, NY, USA, pp. 121–196, doi:10.1017/9781009325844.003.
- ^ Benedict, M.A., E.T. McMahon. 2006. Green Infrastructure: linking landscapes and communities. Washington D.C.: Island.
- ^ Cowan C., C. Epple, H. Korn, R. Schliep, J. Stadler (Eds.). 2010. Working with nature to tackle climate change. Report of the ENCA/BfN Workshop on “Developing ecosystem-based approaches to climate change – Why, what and how, https://www.bfn.de/fileadmin/MDB/documents/service/Skript264.pdf Archived 26 March 2016 at the Wayback Machine“. Bonn: Bundesamt für Naturschutz.