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Health & Hygiene (HH) ?

Health and hygiene are essential for a good quality of life. Health is a state of complete physical, mental, and social well-being, while hygiene refers to practices that help maintain health and prevent the spread of diseases.

Personal hygiene involves keeping the body clean, including washing hands, bathing, oral hygiene, and menstrual hygiene. Environmental hygiene focuses on maintaining a clean and safe environment, including proper waste disposal and sanitation.

Good health and hygiene practices can prevent the spread of infections and diseases, improve physical and mental well-being, and enhance overall quality of life.

What is Health & Hygiene (HH) ?

Health and Hygiene (HH) refers to the practices and conditions that promote and maintain health and prevent disease. It encompasses a wide range of activities and behaviors aimed at ensuring physical, mental, and social well-being.

Here’s a breakdown of what that includes:

Health:

  • Physical health: This involves maintaining a healthy body through proper nutrition, exercise, adequate sleep, and avoiding harmful substances.
  • Mental health: This focuses on emotional and psychological well-being, including managing stress, maintaining positive relationships, and seeking help when needed.
  • Social health: This involves the ability to form and maintain healthy relationships, contribute to society, and have a sense of belonging.

Hygiene:

  • Personal hygiene: This includes practices like handwashing, bathing, oral hygiene, and menstrual hygiene to keep the body clean and prevent the spread of germs.
  • Environmental hygiene: This focuses on maintaining a clean and safe environment through proper waste disposal, sanitation, and control of pollutants.

Importance of Health and Hygiene:

  • Disease prevention: Good hygiene practices can significantly reduce the risk of infections and diseases.
  • Improved well-being: Maintaining good health and hygiene contributes to overall physical and mental well-being, leading to a better quality of life.
  • Increased productivity: Healthy individuals are more likely to be productive in their personal and professional lives.
  • Reduced healthcare costs: By preventing diseases, good health and hygiene practices can help reduce healthcare expenses.

Promoting Health and Hygiene:

  • Education: Raising awareness about the importance of health and hygiene through education and campaigns.
  • Access to resources: Ensuring access to clean water, sanitation facilities, and healthcare services.
  • Behavior change: Encouraging positive behavior change through community programs and interventions.

In conclusion, health and hygiene are essential for individuals and communities to thrive. By adopting healthy habits and maintaining a clean environment, we can prevent diseases, improve our well-being, and lead fulfilling lives.

Who is required Health & Hygiene (HH) ?

Health and hygiene are essential for everyone, regardless of age, gender, or background. Here’s a breakdown of why different groups have specific needs and considerations:

Everyone:

  • Basic needs: Everyone needs access to clean water, sanitation facilities, and information on basic hygiene practices like handwashing.
  • Disease prevention: Good hygiene practices are crucial for preventing the spread of infectious diseases, which can affect anyone.
  • Well-being: Maintaining good health and hygiene contributes to overall physical, mental, and social well-being for all individuals.

Specific groups:

  • Children: Children are particularly vulnerable to infections due to their developing immune systems. They need education on hygiene practices and support to establish healthy habits early on.
  • Women and girls: Women and girls have specific hygiene needs related to menstruation. Access to menstrual hygiene products and education is crucial for their health and well-being.
  • Elderly: Older adults may face challenges with mobility and self-care, making them more susceptible to infections. They may require assistance and support to maintain good hygiene.
  • People with disabilities: Individuals with disabilities may have unique hygiene needs depending on their specific condition. They may require accessible facilities and support from caregivers.
  • Vulnerable populations: People living in poverty or in unsanitary conditions are at higher risk of infections. They need access to resources and education to improve their health and hygiene.

In conclusion, while everyone needs health and hygiene, specific needs and considerations may vary depending on individual circumstances. It’s important to promote health and hygiene practices that are inclusive and cater to the diverse needs of different populations.

When is required Health & Hygiene (HH) ?

Health and hygiene are required at all times, but here are some specific times when they are particularly crucial:

Daily routines:

  • Upon waking up: Starting the day with oral hygiene, washing your face, and having a bath or shower helps you feel refreshed and clean.
  • Before and after meals: Washing your hands before eating prevents the spread of germs from your hands to your mouth. Washing hands after meals helps remove any food particles and germs.
  • After using the toilet: Washing your hands with soap and water after using the toilet is essential to prevent the spread of fecal bacteria.
  • Before bed: Brushing your teeth and washing your face before bed helps maintain oral hygiene and removes dirt and makeup.

Specific situations:

  • When you are sick: Practicing good hygiene, such as covering coughs and sneezes and washing hands frequently, is crucial to prevent the spread of illness to others.
  • During menstruation: Women and girls need to maintain proper menstrual hygiene to prevent infections and discomfort.
  • When caring for a baby: Babies have delicate immune systems, so it’s important to maintain strict hygiene when handling them, especially when preparing food or changing diapers.
  • In public places: Public places like restrooms and transportation hubs can be breeding grounds for germs. Practicing good hygiene, such as avoiding touching surfaces unnecessarily and washing hands frequently, is important in these settings.
  • During outbreaks or pandemics: During disease outbreaks, heightened hygiene practices, such as frequent handwashing and wearing masks, are essential to protect yourself and others.

In conclusion, health and hygiene are not just occasional practices but an integral part of our daily lives. By maintaining good hygiene habits at all times, we can prevent diseases, improve our well-being, and contribute to a healthier community.

COURTESY : Tannu Sharma

Where is required Health & Hygiene (HH) ?

Health and hygiene are required in all places where people live, work, and interact. Here are some key locations where maintaining health and hygiene is particularly important:

Homes:

  • Cleanliness: Maintaining a clean home environment is crucial for preventing the spread of germs and illnesses. This includes regular cleaning, proper waste disposal, and ensuring access to clean water.
  • Food safety: Practicing safe food handling and storage in the home is essential to prevent foodborne illnesses.
  • Personal hygiene: Encouraging good personal hygiene habits among family members, such as handwashing and oral hygiene, is important for overall health.

Schools:

  • Hygiene education: Schools play a vital role in educating children about health and hygiene practices.
  • Sanitation facilities: Providing clean and functional sanitation facilities, including toilets and handwashing stations, is essential for students’ health.
  • Clean environment: Maintaining a clean and healthy school environment, including classrooms, playgrounds, and cafeterias, is crucial for preventing the spread of infections.

Workplaces:

  • Occupational health: Workplaces should prioritize the health and safety of employees by providing a safe and healthy work environment.
  • Hygiene facilities: Ensuring access to clean restrooms and handwashing facilities is essential for maintaining hygiene in the workplace.
  • Health promotion: Workplaces can promote health and hygiene through health education programs and initiatives.

Public places:

  • Cleanliness and sanitation: Public places like parks, markets, and transportation hubs should be kept clean and well-maintained to prevent the spread of germs.
  • Waste management: Proper waste disposal and sanitation facilities are crucial in public places to maintain hygiene and prevent the spread of diseases.
  • Public awareness: Raising public awareness about health and hygiene practices is important in promoting a healthy community.

Healthcare facilities:

  • Infection control: Healthcare facilities must adhere to strict hygiene protocols to prevent the spread of infections among patients and healthcare workers.
  • Sterilization and disinfection: Proper sterilization and disinfection of medical equipment and surfaces are essential in healthcare settings.
  • Hand hygiene: Hand hygiene is crucial for healthcare workers to prevent the transmission of infections.

In conclusion, health and hygiene are essential in all settings where people live, work, and interact. By maintaining good hygiene practices in these places, we can prevent diseases, promote well-being, and create a healthier community for everyone.

How is required Health & Hygiene (HH) ?

Health and hygiene are achieved through a combination of personal practices, environmental measures, and community efforts. Here’s a breakdown of the key elements:

Personal Practices:

  • Hand hygiene: Washing hands frequently with soap and water, especially after using the toilet, before meals, and after handling animals or contaminated objects.
  • Bathing and body care: Regular bathing or showering, keeping skin clean and dry, and practicing good oral hygiene, including brushing teeth and flossing.
  • Respiratory hygiene: Covering coughs and sneezes with a tissue or elbow, and avoiding spitting in public places.
  • Food hygiene: Practicing safe food handling and storage, including washing fruits and vegetables, cooking food thoroughly, and avoiding cross-contamination.
  • Menstrual hygiene: Women and girls need access to menstrual hygiene products and education on proper usage and disposal.

Environmental Measures:

  • Sanitation: Access to clean and functional toilets, proper waste disposal systems, and safe water supply are essential for preventing the spread of diseases.
  • Clean environment: Maintaining a clean home and surrounding environment, including regular cleaning, pest control, and proper ventilation.
  • Safe water: Ensuring access to clean and safe drinking water, and avoiding consumption of contaminated water.

Community Efforts:

  • Public health initiatives: Governments and organizations play a crucial role in promoting health and hygiene through education campaigns, vaccination programs, and disease surveillance.
  • Infrastructure development: Investing in sanitation facilities, waste management systems, and water treatment plants is essential for creating a healthy environment.
  • Community participation: Engaging communities in health and hygiene promotion through awareness campaigns, workshops, and community-led initiatives.

In conclusion, achieving health and hygiene requires a multi-faceted approach that involves personal responsibility, environmental measures, and community efforts. By adopting healthy habits, maintaining a clean environment, and supporting public health initiatives, we can create a healthier and more hygienic society for everyone.

Case study is Health & Hygiene (HH) ?

Case studies on health and hygiene can be incredibly valuable tools for understanding the challenges and successes in promoting healthy behaviors and improving sanitation. Here are a few examples of areas where case studies are particularly relevant:

1. Handwashing Promotion:

  • The Challenge: Despite being a simple and effective way to prevent the spread of infections, handwashing with soap is often not practiced consistently, especially in low-resource settings.
  • The Case Study: A case study might examine a community-based intervention that aimed to improve handwashing practices. It would analyze the methods used (e.g., education campaigns, providing handwashing stations), the impact on handwashing rates, and the factors that contributed to success or failure.
  • Key Insights: Such a case study could reveal the importance of culturally appropriate messaging, community involvement, and sustained efforts to change behavior.

2. Menstrual Hygiene Management:

  • The Challenge: Many girls and women in developing countries lack access to menstrual hygiene products and face stigma and misinformation surrounding menstruation.
  • The Case Study: A case study could focus on an intervention that provided girls with menstrual hygiene kits, education, and safe spaces to manage their periods. It would assess the impact on girls’ school attendance, health, and overall well-being.
  • Key Insights: This type of case study could highlight the need for comprehensive approaches that address both the practical and social aspects of menstrual hygiene.

3. Sanitation Improvement:

  • The Challenge: Lack of access to safe and sanitary toilets is a major public health issue, contributing to the spread of diseases and environmental pollution.
  • The Case Study: A case study might examine a community-led initiative to build and maintain latrines. It would analyze the community’s involvement in the process, the sustainability of the project, and the impact on sanitation coverage and health outcomes.
  • Key Insights: This type of case study could demonstrate the importance of community ownership, local capacity building, and appropriate technology in sanitation projects.

4. Outbreak Response:

  • The Challenge: Infectious disease outbreaks, like the COVID-19 pandemic, highlight the critical need for effective hygiene practices to prevent transmission.
  • The Case Study: A case study could analyze a community’s response to an outbreak, focusing on the communication strategies used to promote hygiene behaviors, the availability of resources (e.g., hand sanitizer, masks), and the overall effectiveness of the response.
  • Key Insights: This type of case study could provide valuable lessons for future outbreak preparedness and response efforts.

Where to find case studies:

  • Academic journals: Search for research articles on health and hygiene interventions in public health journals.
  • Organizations: Many organizations working in the health and development sector publish case studies on their websites (e.g., WHO, UNICEF, NGOs).
  • Government reports: Government health agencies may conduct and publish case studies on their programs and initiatives.

By examining real-world examples of health and hygiene interventions, case studies can provide valuable insights for practitioners, policymakers, and researchers working to improve health outcomes and promote well-being.

COURTESY : Health and Human Sciences Extension and Outreach

White paper on Health & Hygiene (HH) ?

White Paper: Investing in Health and Hygiene: A Foundation for Sustainable Development

Executive Summary:

Health and hygiene (HH) are fundamental human rights and essential building blocks for individual well-being and societal progress. This white paper argues that investing in HH is not just a moral imperative, but also a smart economic and social investment. It explores the interconnectedness of HH with various Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs), highlights the challenges and opportunities, and proposes recommendations for policymakers, practitioners, and individuals to prioritize and strengthen HH initiatives.

1. Introduction:

The concept of health and hygiene encompasses a broad spectrum of practices and conditions that contribute to physical, mental, and social well-being. It includes personal hygiene practices like handwashing, sanitation, menstrual hygiene, and oral hygiene, as well as environmental hygiene factors like access to clean water, waste management, and pollution control. A strong foundation in HH is crucial for preventing diseases, reducing healthcare costs, improving educational outcomes, and fostering economic productivity.

2. The Interconnectedness of Health and Hygiene with the SDGs:

Investing in HH directly contributes to several SDGs, including:

  • SDG 3: Good Health and Well-being: HH is at the core of achieving good health and well-being for all.
  • SDG 6: Clean Water and Sanitation: Access to safe water and sanitation is fundamental to hygiene and preventing waterborne diseases.
  • SDG 4: Quality Education: Healthy children are better learners. Improved sanitation and hygiene in schools create a conducive learning environment.
  • SDG 5: Gender Equality: Menstrual hygiene management is crucial for girls’ education and empowerment.
  • SDG 8: Decent Work and Economic Growth: A healthy workforce is more productive, contributing to economic growth.
  • SDG 11: Sustainable Cities and Communities: Sanitation and waste management are critical for creating sustainable and healthy communities.

3. Challenges and Opportunities:

Despite progress, significant challenges remain:

  • Limited access to basic sanitation and hygiene: Billions of people still lack access to safe water and sanitation facilities.
  • Behavior change: Promoting and sustaining healthy hygiene behaviors requires effective communication and community engagement.
  • Inequalities: Disparities in access to HH resources and information persist across different regions and populations.
  • Funding: Adequate funding for HH initiatives is crucial for scaling up interventions and achieving sustainable impact.

However, there are also significant opportunities:

  • Technological advancements: Innovative solutions like mobile technology and low-cost sanitation technologies can improve access and promote behavior change.
  • Public-private partnerships: Collaboration between governments, NGOs, and the private sector can leverage resources and expertise.
  • Community-based approaches: Engaging communities in the design and implementation of HH programs can ensure sustainability and ownership.

4. Recommendations:

  • Prioritize HH in national policies and budgets: Governments should allocate sufficient resources to HH initiatives and integrate them into national development plans.
  • Strengthen health systems: Investing in health infrastructure, training healthcare workers, and ensuring access to essential medicines are crucial for promoting HH.
  • Promote behavior change through targeted interventions: Implement evidence-based programs that address the specific needs and cultural contexts of different communities.
  • Improve access to water and sanitation: Invest in infrastructure development to ensure universal access to safe water and sanitation facilities.
  • Address menstrual hygiene management: Provide girls with access to menstrual hygiene products, education, and safe spaces.
  • Foster public-private partnerships: Encourage collaboration between governments, NGOs, and the private sector to leverage resources and expertise.
  • Empower communities: Engage communities in the design and implementation of HH programs to ensure sustainability and ownership.
  • Invest in research and innovation: Support research on effective HH interventions and promote the development of innovative technologies.

5. Conclusion:

Investing in health and hygiene is not just a cost, but a crucial investment in human capital and sustainable development. By prioritizing HH, we can create healthier, more equitable, and prosperous societies. This white paper calls for a concerted effort from all stakeholders to prioritize HH and work together to achieve the vision of health and well-being for all.

Industrial application of Health & Hygiene (HH) ?

You’re right to ask about the industrial applications of health and hygiene! It’s not just a personal thing. Here’s how it plays a crucial role in various industries:

1. Manufacturing:

  • Food processing: Strict hygiene standards are essential to prevent contamination and ensure food safety. This includes everything from clean equipment and facilities to employee hygiene practices.
  • Pharmaceuticals: Manufacturing medicines and medical devices requires sterile environments and rigorous hygiene protocols to prevent contamination and ensure product safety.
  • Cosmetics: Similar to pharmaceuticals, cosmetic production demands high hygiene standards to avoid contamination and ensure product quality.

2. Healthcare:

  • Hospitals and clinics: Hygiene is paramount in healthcare settings to prevent the spread of infections. This involves hand hygiene for healthcare workers, sterilization of equipment, and maintaining a clean environment.
  • Laboratories: Laboratories dealing with biological samples or hazardous materials require strict hygiene protocols to protect workers and prevent contamination.

3. Hospitality and Tourism:

  • Hotels and restaurants: Maintaining high hygiene standards in these industries is crucial for guest satisfaction and preventing the spread of foodborne illnesses. This includes clean accommodations, food handling practices, and sanitation.

4. Agriculture:

  • Farming and livestock: Hygiene practices in agriculture are important for preventing the spread of diseases among animals and ensuring food safety. This includes clean housing for animals, proper waste disposal, and hygiene for farm workers.

5. Other Industries:

  • Construction: Construction workers face various health hazards, including exposure to dust, chemicals, and noise. Hygiene practices like wearing protective equipment and maintaining a clean work environment are crucial.
  • Mining: Miners work in hazardous environments and are exposed to dust, gases, and extreme temperatures. Hygiene practices like respiratory protection and proper ventilation are essential for their health and safety.

Key Concepts in Industrial Health and Hygiene:

  • Hazard identification and assessment: Identifying potential health hazards in the workplace and assessing the risks they pose to workers.
  • Exposure monitoring: Measuring workers’ exposure to hazardous substances or conditions.
  • Control measures: Implementing measures to eliminate or reduce hazards, such as engineering controls, administrative controls, and personal protective equipment (PPE).
  • Health surveillance: Monitoring workers’ health to detect any adverse effects from workplace exposures.
  • Training and education: Providing workers with training and education on health and hygiene practices.

Benefits of Industrial Health and Hygiene:

  • Reduced workplace injuries and illnesses: Protecting workers from health hazards can lead to a decrease in workplace accidents and occupational diseases.
  • Increased productivity: A healthy workforce is more productive, leading to improved efficiency and output.
  • Improved morale: When workers feel that their health and safety are valued, it can boost morale and job satisfaction.
  • Reduced costs: Investing in health and hygiene can lead to cost savings in the long run by reducing healthcare expenses, workers’ compensation claims, and absenteeism.
  • Compliance with regulations: Many countries have regulations in place to protect workers’ health and safety, and adhering to these regulations is essential for businesses.

By prioritizing health and hygiene in the workplace, industries can create a safer and healthier environment for their workers, leading to improved productivity, reduced costs, and a better reputation.

Research and development of Health & Hygiene (HH) ?

Research and development (R&D) in health and hygiene is a dynamic field that constantly seeks to improve our understanding of health, develop innovative solutions, and enhance hygiene practices. Here are some key areas of focus:

1. Infectious Disease Control:

  • Diagnostics: Developing rapid and accurate diagnostic tools for infectious diseases is crucial for early detection and timely treatment. R&D efforts focus on creating point-of-care tests that are affordable, easy to use, and can be deployed in resource-limited settings.
  • Vaccines: Vaccine development is a critical area of R&D, particularly for emerging infectious diseases and those that disproportionately affect vulnerable populations. Researchers are working on developing new vaccines that are safe, effective, and provide long-lasting immunity.
  • Antimicrobial resistance: The rise of antimicrobial resistance is a major threat to global health. R&D efforts are focused on developing new antibiotics and alternative therapies to combat drug-resistant infections.

2. Sanitation and Hygiene:

  • Sanitation technologies: Innovative sanitation technologies are needed to address the challenges of providing access to safe and affordable sanitation in low-resource settings. R&D efforts focus on developing technologies that are low-cost, easy to install and maintain, and environmentally sustainable.
  • Hygiene behavior change: Promoting and sustaining healthy hygiene behaviors requires effective interventions that are tailored to the specific needs and cultural contexts of different communities. R&D in this area focuses on understanding the factors that influence hygiene behaviors and developing effective communication strategies to promote behavior change.

3. Maternal and Child Health:

  • Maternal health: R&D efforts in maternal health focus on developing interventions to improve maternal health outcomes, such as reducing maternal mortality and morbidity, and preventing complications during pregnancy and childbirth.
  • Child health: R&D in child health focuses on developing interventions to improve child survival, growth, and development, such as vaccines, nutrition interventions, and interventions to prevent and treat childhood illnesses.

4. Non-Communicable Diseases:

  • Prevention: R&D plays a crucial role in understanding the risk factors for non-communicable diseases (NCDs) and developing effective prevention strategies. This includes research on lifestyle factors, environmental exposures, and genetic predispositions.
  • Treatment: R&D efforts are focused on developing new and improved treatments for NCDs, such as diabetes, cardiovascular disease, cancer, and respiratory diseases. This includes research on new drugs, therapies, and medical devices.

5. Environmental Health:

  • Pollution control: R&D in environmental health focuses on understanding the impact of environmental pollution on human health and developing technologies and strategies to reduce pollution levels.
  • Climate change: Climate change poses significant threats to human health. R&D efforts are focused on understanding the health impacts of climate change and developing strategies to mitigate these impacts.

Key Approaches in Health and Hygiene R&D:

  • Basic research: Investigating the underlying biological and social factors that influence health and hygiene.
  • Applied research: Developing and testing new interventions and technologies to improve health and hygiene outcomes.
  • Implementation research: Evaluating the effectiveness of health and hygiene interventions in real-world settings.
  • Translational research: Bridging the gap between research findings and practice by translating research into policies and programs.

Collaboration and Partnerships:

R&D in health and hygiene often involves collaboration between researchers, policymakers, practitioners, and communities. Partnerships between academia, industry, and government agencies are also essential for accelerating the development and translation of research findings into practice.

By investing in R&D, we can generate new knowledge, develop innovative solutions, and improve health and hygiene outcomes for individuals and communities around the world.

COURTESY : Shannon Felgner

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  73. ^ “Water quality interventions to prevent diarrhoea: Cost and cost-effectiveness”. World Health Organization. 2008. Archived from the original on September 30, 2016.
  74. ^ Jump up to:a b “Household Water Treatment and Safe Storage Following Emergencies and Disasters” (PDF). World Health Organisation. 2005. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2022-03-01.
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  76. ^ Jump up to:a b Sun J (1 July 2021). “Bathing in Ancient Times”. theworldofchinese.
  77. ^ Jump up to:a b c d Awen (30 April 2019). “Ancient Chinese Bath Culture”. View of China.
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  80. ^ Jump up to:a b c Clark S (1994). Japan: A View from the Bath. University of Hawaii Press. ISBN 978-0-8248-1657-5.
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  82. ^ Ajanal M, Nayak S, Prasad BS, Kadam A (2013-10-23). “Adverse drug reaction and concepts of drug safety in Ayurveda: An overview”. Journal of Young Pharmacists. 5 (4): 116–120. doi:10.1016/j.jyp.2013.10.001. ISSN 0975-1483. PMC 3930110. PMID 24563588.
  83. ^ Jump up to:a b Noriega Hernández JC (2004). El baño temascal novohispano, de Moctezuma a Revillagigedo. Reflexiones sobre prácticas de higiene y expresiones de sociabilidad (PDF) (Thesis) (in Mexican Spanish). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2013-04-06. Retrieved 2012-12-18.
  84. ^ “Roman bath houses”. Time Team. Channel Four Television Corporation. Archived from the original on 4 February 2007.
  85. ^ Jump up to:a b Rutherdale M (2006). “Ordering the Bath: Children, Health, and Hygiene in Northern Canadian Communities, 1900–1970”. In Warsh CK, Strong-Boag V (eds.). Children’s Health Issues in Historical Perspective. Wilfrid Laurier Univ. Press. p. 315. ISBN 978-0-88920-912-1. … Thus bathing also was considered a part of good health practice. For example, Tertullian attended the baths and believed them hygienic. Clement of Alexandria, while condemning excesses, had given guidelines for Christian] who wished to attend the baths …
  86. ^ Gibson MD (1903). The Didascalia Apostolorum in English. C.J. Clay. pp. 9–10.
  87. ^ Jump up to:a b Thurlkill M (2016). Sacred Scents in Early Christianity and Islam: Studies in Body and Religion. Rowman & Littlefield. pp. 6–11. ISBN 978-0-7391-7453-1. …Clement of Alexandria (d. c. 215 CE) allowed that bathing contributed to good health and hygiene… Christian skeptics could not easily dissuade the baths’ practical popularity, however; popes continued to build baths situated within church basilicas and monasteries throughout the early medieval period…
  88. ^ Jump up to:a b Squatriti P (2002). Water and Society in Early Medieval Italy, AD 400-1000, Parti 400–1000. Cambridge University Press. p. 54. ISBN 978-0-521-52206-9. …but baths were normally considered therapeutic until the days of Gregory the Great, who understood virtuous bathing to be bathing “on account of the needs of body”…
  89. ^ Snell M. “Middle Ages Weddings and Hygiene”. ThoughtCo. Archived from the original on 2017-01-30. Retrieved 2008-03-05.
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  92. ^ Jump up to:a b E Clark M (2006). Contemporary Biology: Concepts and Implications. University of Michigan Press. p. 613. ISBN 978-0-7216-2597-3. Douching is commonly practiced in Catholic countries. The bidet… is still commonly found in France and other Catholic countries.
  93. ^ Forgione A (2013). Made in Naples: Come Napoli ha civilizzato l’Europa (e come continua a farlo) [Made in Naples. How Naples civilised Europe (And still does it)] (in Italian). Addictions-Magenes Editoriale. ISBN 978-88-6649-039-5.
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    • Black W (2019). The Middle Ages: Facts and Fictions. ABC-CLIO. p. 61. ISBN 978-1-4408-6232-8. Public baths were common in the larger towns and cities of Europe by the twelfth century.
    • Kleinschmidt H (2005). Perception and Action in Medieval Europe. Boydell & Brewer. p. 61. ISBN 978-1-84383-146-4.
    • ^ Kazhdan A, ed. (1991), Oxford Dictionary of Byzantium, Oxford University Press, ISBN 978-0-19-504652-6[page needed]
    • Kourkoutidou-Nikolaidou E, Tourta A (1997). Wandering in Byzantine Thessaloniki. Kapon Editions. p. 87. ISBN 960-7254-47-3.
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  98. ^ de Boileu E (1993). “Le Livre des Métiers”. In Amt E (ed.). Women’s Lives in Medieval Europe: A Sourcebook. Routledge. p. 162.
  99. ^ Fresco of c. 1320 illustrated in de la Roncière C (1988). “Tuscan notables on the eve of the Renaissance”. In Duby G (ed.). A History of Private Life. Vol. II. Revelations of the Medieval World. p. 232.
  100. ^ Classen A (2017). Bodily and Spiritual Hygiene in Medieval and Early Modern Literature: Explorations of Textual Presentations of Filth and Water. de Gruyter. p. 535. ISBN 978-3-11-052379-9.
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  109. ^ Byrne JP (2012). Encyclopedia of the Black Death. ABC-CLIO. p. 29. ISBN 978-1-59884-253-1.
  110. ^ Reid MH (2013). Law and Piety in Medieval Islam. Cambridge University Press. pp. 106, 114, 189–190. ISBN 978-1-107-06711-0.
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  115. ^ Mbatha S. “99 Zulu Indigenous Practices in Water and Sanitation: Preliminary Field Research on Indigenous Practices in Water and Sanitation Conducted at Ulundi”.
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  117. ^ Kalın İ (2014). The Oxford Encyclopedia of Philosophy, Science, and Technology in Islam. Oxford University Press. p. 137. ISBN 978-0-19-981257-8.
  118. ^ Bistline RG Jr (1996). “Anionic and Related Lime Soap Dispersants”. In Stache HW (ed.). Anionic Surfactants: Organic Chemistry. Surfactant science series. Vol. 56. CRC Press. p. 632. ISBN 0-8247-9394-3.
  119. ^ Gregg P (1981). King Charles I. London: Dent. p. 218. ISBN 978-0-460-04437-0. OCLC 9944510.
  120. ^ McNeil I (1990). An Encyclopaedia of the History of Technology. Taylor & Francis. pp. 203–205. ISBN 978-0-415-01306-2. Archived from the original on 2016-05-05.
  121. ^ Newell S (2006). International Encyclopaedia of Tribal Religion: Christianity and tribal religions. Ohio University Press. p. 40. ISBN 978-0-8214-1709-6.
  122. ^ Grypma S (2008). Healing Henan: Canadian Nurses at the North China Mission, 1888–1947. University of British Columbia Press. p. 27. ISBN 978-0-7748-5821-2. the Gospel of Christ was central to the ‘missionary’ aspect of missionary nursing, the gospel of soap and water was central to ‘nursing’ aspect of their works.
  123. ^ Thomas K (2011). Securing the City: Neoliberalism, Space, and Insecurity in Postwar Guatemala. Duke University Press. pp. 180–181. ISBN 978-0-8223-4958-7. Christian hygiene existed (and still exists) as one small but ever important part of this modernization project. Hygiene provides an incredibly mundane, deeply routinized, marker of Christian civility …Identifying the rural poor as ‘The Great Unwashed,’ Haymaker published Christian pamphlets on health and hygiene,… of personal hygiene’ (filled with soap, toothpaste, and floss), attempt to shape Christian Outreach and Ethnicity.
  124. ^
    • Bauman CM (2008). Christian Identity and Dalit Religion in Hindu India, 1868–1947. Wm. B. Eerdmans Publishing. p. 160. ISBN 978-0-8028-6276-1. Along with the use of allopathic medicine, greater hygiene was one of the most frequently mobilized markers of the boundary between Christians and other communities of Chhattisgarh… The missionaries had made no secret of preaching ‘soap; along with ‘salvation’…
    • Baral KC (2005). Between Ethnography and Fiction: Verrier Elwin and the Tribal Question in India. North Eastern Hill University Press. p. 151. ISBN 978-81-250-2812-3. where slavery was in vogue Christianity advocated its end and personal hygiene was encouraged
  125. ^ Taylor JG (2011). Cleanliness and Culture: Indonesian Histories. Royal Netherlands Institute of Southeast Asian and Caribbean Studies. pp. 22–23. ISBN 978-90-04-25361-2. Cleanliness and Godliness: These examples indicate that real cleanliness was becoming the preserve of Europeans, and, it has to be added, of Christianity. Soap became an attribute of God — or rather the Protestant
  126. ^ Choi H (2009). Gender and Mission Encounters in Korea: New Women, Old Ways: Seoul-California Series in Korean Studies. Vol. 1. University of California Press. p. 83. ISBN 978-0-520-09869-5. In this way, Western forms of hygiene, health care and child rearing became an important part of creating the modern Christian in Korea.
  127. ^ Channa S (2009). The Forger’s Tale: The Search for Odeziaku. Indiana University Press. p. 284. ISBN 978-81-7755-050-4. A major contribution of the Christian missionaries was better health care of the people through hygiene. Soap, tooth-powder and brushes came to be used increasingly in urban areas.
  128. ^ Thomas J (2015). Evangelising the Nation: Religion and the Formation of Naga Political Identity. Routledge. p. 284. ISBN 978-1-317-41398-1. cleanliness and hygiene became an important marker of being identified as a Christian
  129. ^ Jump up to:a b Z Wahrman M (2016). The Hand Book: Surviving in a Germ-Filled World. University Press of New England. pp. 46–48. ISBN 978-1-61168-955-6. Water plays a role in other Christian rituals as well…. In the early days of Christianity, two to three centuries after Christ, the lavabo (Latin for “I wash myself”), a ritual handwashing vessel and bowl, was introduced as part of Church service.
  130. ^ Pedersen KS (1999). “Is the Church of Ethiopia a Judaic Church?” (PDF). Warszawskie Studia Teologiczne. 12 (2): 203–216. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2016-03-04. Retrieved 2020-05-29.
  131. ^ Liddell HG, Scott R. “ὑγιεινός”. A Greek-English Lexicon. Perseus.
  132. ^ Liddell HG, Scott R. “ὑγιής”. A Greek-English Lexicon. Perseus.
  133. ^ Liddell HG, Scott R. “ὑγίεια”. A Greek-English Lexicon. Perseus.

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