Civil Strong Waste Administration, Post-inhabitance ?

When addressing “civil strong waste administration, post-inhabitance,” we’re essentially talking about the management of waste generated after buildings or infrastructure have been occupied or used. This encompasses a broad spectrum of waste, particularly construction and demolition (C&D) waste, and general municipal solid waste. Here’s a breakdown of key considerations:

Key Aspects:

  • Construction and Demolition (C&D) Waste:
    • This includes debris from building renovations, demolitions, and infrastructure projects.
    • Effective C&D waste management involves:
      • Source Separation: Sorting materials like concrete, wood, metal, and drywall for recycling.
      • Recycling and Reuse: Processing materials for use in new construction or other applications.
      • Proper Disposal: Safely disposing of non-recyclable materials in designated landfills.
  • Municipal Solid Waste (MSW):
    • This includes everyday waste generated by residents and businesses.
    • Effective MSW management involves:
      • Waste Segregation: Separating waste into categories like recyclables, compostable materials, and general trash.
      • Collection and Transportation: Efficiently collecting and transporting waste to processing facilities.
      • Treatment and Disposal: Processing waste through recycling, composting, or incineration, and safely disposing of residual waste.
  • Post-Inhabitance Considerations:
    • “Post-inhabitance” emphasizes the need for ongoing waste management strategies, not just those implemented during initial construction.
    • This includes:
      • Developing and enforcing waste management regulations.
      • Promoting public awareness and education about waste reduction and recycling.
      • Investing in infrastructure for waste processing and disposal.
      • The need to consider the full life cycle of building materials.
  • Challenges:
    • Rapid urbanization and increasing waste generation.
    • Lack of proper waste segregation and recycling infrastructure.
    • Environmental pollution from improper waste disposal.
    • The need to effectively manage hazardous waste that can be present in older buildings.
  • Solutions:
    • Implementing circular economy principles to minimize waste and maximize resource recovery.
    • Promoting sustainable building practices and materials.
    • Utilizing technology for waste tracking and management.
    • Strengthening regulatory frameworks and enforcement.

In essence, “civil strong waste administration, post-inhabitance” requires a comprehensive and integrated approach that prioritizes waste reduction, recycling, and responsible disposal.

What is Civil Strong Waste Administration, Post-inhabitance ?

The term “Civil Strong Waste Administration, Post-inhabitance” emphasizes waste management within the context of civil engineering projects, specifically focusing on the period after buildings or infrastructure have been occupied or used. Here’s a breakdown:

  • Civil:
    • This refers to civil engineering, which encompasses the design, construction, and maintenance of the built environment, including buildings, roads, bridges, and other infrastructure.
  • Strong Waste Administration:
    • This highlights the need for robust and effective waste management systems. It implies a comprehensive approach that includes:
      • Waste reduction.
      • Waste segregation.
      • Recycling and reuse.
      • Proper disposal.
  • Post-inhabitance:
    • This crucial aspect signifies that the focus is on waste generated after structures have been occupied or used. This includes:
      • Construction and demolition (C&D) waste from renovations or demolitions.
      • Municipal solid waste (MSW) generated by occupants.

Therefore, “Civil Strong Waste Administration, Post-inhabitance” signifies a comprehensive approach to managing waste generated from civil engineering projects after their occupancy. This involves:

  • Managing C&D waste: This is vital as buildings are renovated or demolished.
  • Managing MSW: This is the ongoing daily waste generated from the use of the buildings and infrastructure.
  • Emphasis on sustainability: The “strong administration” aspect implies a focus on sustainable practices, such as recycling and reducing landfill waste.

In essence, it’s about ensuring responsible and efficient waste management throughout the lifecycle of civil infrastructure.

Who is required Civil Strong Waste Administration, Post-inhabitance ?

“Civil Strong Waste Administration, Post-inhabitance” is a responsibility that falls across a spectrum of stakeholders. Here’s a breakdown of who is typically required to participate:

  • Local Authorities/Municipalities:
    • These entities are fundamentally responsible for managing municipal solid waste (MSW) within their jurisdictions. This includes collection, transportation, and disposal.
    • They are also responsible for implementing and enforcing waste management regulations.
  • Construction and Demolition Companies:
    • These companies are directly responsible for managing the waste generated from their construction and demolition activities.
    • This includes proper segregation, recycling, and disposal of C&D waste.
  • Building Owners and Property Managers:
    • They have a responsibility to ensure that waste generated by occupants is properly managed.
    • This may involve providing adequate waste segregation facilities and educating occupants about waste management practices.
  • Governmental Regulatory Bodies:
    • Agencies like the Central Pollution Control Board (CPCB) and State Pollution Control Boards (SPCBs) set regulations and standards for waste management.
    • They also monitor compliance and enforce regulations.
  • Residents and Occupants:
    • Individual citizens have a crucial role in waste segregation and responsible disposal.
    • Public participation is essential for the success of any waste management program.
  • Urban planners and developers:
    • Those who plan and develop cities, and buildings need to plan for the waste that will be created both in the construction phase, and the post inhabitance phase of the structures.

In essence, effective “Civil Strong Waste Administration, Post-inhabitance” requires a collaborative effort from all levels of society.

When is required Civil Strong Waste Administration, Post-inhabitance ?

“Civil Strong Waste Administration, Post-inhabitance” is required throughout the lifecycle of civil structures, but its emphasis shifts at different stages. Here’s a breakdown of when it’s particularly crucial:

Key Stages:

  • During Construction and Demolition:
    • This is when large volumes of C&D waste are generated. Regulations mandate waste management plans and proper disposal practices during these phases.
    • Therefore, prior to the start of construction, and especially demolition, those plans must be in place.
  • Immediately After Occupancy:
    • Establishing efficient waste segregation and collection systems is essential when buildings or infrastructure are first occupied.
    • This sets the foundation for ongoing waste management.
  • Throughout the Structure’s Lifespan:
    • Ongoing waste management is required to handle daily MSW generation.
    • Regular maintenance and renovations will also generate C&D waste, necessitating continued adherence to waste management protocols.
  • During Renovations and Remodeling:
    • These activities generate significant C&D waste, requiring careful planning and execution of waste management strategies.
  • At the End of a Structure’s Life:
    • Demolition generates substantial C&D waste, demanding rigorous waste management practices to minimize environmental impact.
  • Ongoing Regulatory Compliance:
    • Waste management regulations are subject to change, requiring continuous monitoring and adaptation of waste management practices.
    • Therefore, waste management must be constantly monitored, and adjusted as regulations change.

In essence:

  • Waste management is not a one-time event; it’s an ongoing process.
  • The need for “strong administration” is particularly acute during periods of significant waste generation, such as construction, demolition, and major renovations.
  • Also, with the ever changing regulations, and the increasing focus on sustainability, waste management must be an ongoing process.

Therefore, it is accurate to say that Civil Strong Waste Administration, Post-inhabitance is required at all times, with higher levels of enforcement and planning needed at specific times.

COURTESY : StudyIQ IAS

Where is required Civil Strong Waste Administration, Post-inhabitance ?

“Civil Strong Waste Administration, Post-inhabitance” is required in a wide range of locations, essentially anywhere that civil infrastructure exists. Here’s a breakdown:

  • Urban Areas:
    • Cities and towns are primary locations due to high population density and concentrated construction and demolition activities.
    • The large volume of municipal solid waste (MSW) generated in urban settings necessitates robust waste management systems.
  • Residential Areas:
    • Housing complexes, neighborhoods, and individual residences all generate waste that must be managed.
  • Commercial and Industrial Zones:
    • Businesses, factories, and industrial facilities produce significant amounts of waste, including potentially hazardous materials.
  • Construction and Demolition Sites:
    • These are critical locations where C&D waste management is essential.
  • Infrastructure Projects:
    • Roads, bridges, tunnels, and other infrastructure projects generate waste during construction, maintenance, and demolition.
  • Public Institutions:
    • Schools, hospitals, government buildings, and other public facilities require effective waste management.
  • Rural Areas:
    • While waste generation may be less concentrated, rural areas still require waste management solutions, particularly for C&D waste from agricultural structures and infrastructure.
  • Globally:
    • This is a global issue. Every nation, and region is dealing with waste management issues.

In essence, “Civil Strong Waste Administration, Post-inhabitance” is a necessity wherever human activity and civil infrastructure are present.

How is required Civil Strong Waste Administration, Post-inhabitance ?

Effective “Civil Strong Waste Administration, Post-inhabitance” requires a multi-faceted approach, involving various strategies and technologies. Here’s a breakdown of how it’s typically implemented:

Key Strategies and Methods:

  • Waste Segregation at the Source:
    • This is fundamental. Residents, businesses, and construction crews must separate waste into categories like:
      • Recyclables (paper, plastic, glass, metal)
      • Compostable organic waste
      • Construction and demolition (C&D) debris
      • General waste
      • Hazardous waste.
  • Efficient Collection and Transportation:
    • Municipalities and waste management companies must establish reliable collection systems.
    • This involves:
      • Regular collection schedules
      • Appropriate vehicles and equipment
      • Optimized routes to minimize fuel consumption.
  • Recycling and Resource Recovery:
    • Maximizing recycling is crucial. This includes:
      • Establishing recycling facilities
      • Promoting the use of recycled materials in construction
      • Implementing C&D waste recycling programs.
  • Composting:
    • Diverting organic waste from landfills through composting reduces greenhouse gas emissions and creates valuable soil amendments.
    • This can involve:
      • Municipal composting facilities
      • Community composting programs
      • Encouraging home composting.
  • Waste-to-Energy (WtE) Facilities:
    • In some cases, incineration with energy recovery can be a viable option.
    • WtE facilities convert waste into heat or electricity.
  • Sanitary Landfills:
    • When disposal is unavoidable, sanitary landfills are essential.
    • These are engineered facilities designed to:
      • Minimize environmental contamination
      • Control leachate and gas emissions
  • Construction and Demolition (C&D) Waste Management:
    • Specific strategies for C&D waste include:
      • Deconstruction (carefully dismantling structures for material reuse)
      • On-site or off-site recycling of C&D debris
      • Proper disposal of hazardous C&D waste.
  • Regulatory Framework and Enforcement:
    • Strong regulations are essential to ensure compliance.
    • This involves:
      • Setting waste management standards
      • Issuing permits and licenses
      • Conducting inspections and enforcing penalties.
  • Public Awareness and Education:
    • Engaging the public is critical.
    • This involves:
      • Educational campaigns to promote waste reduction and recycling
      • Providing information on proper waste segregation and disposal
  • Technological Advancements:
    • The use of smart technologies can help to improve waste management.
      • Waste tracking systems.
      • Sensors in waste containers to optimize collection.
      • Automated sorting systems.

By combining these strategies, we can achieve more effective and sustainable “Civil Strong Waste Administration, Post-inhabitance.”

Case study is Civil Strong Waste Administration, Post-inhabitance ?

It’s important to understand that “Civil Strong Waste Administration, Post-inhabitance” is a broad concept. Therefore, case studies often focus on specific aspects of it, such as municipal solid waste management, or construction and demolition waste management. Here are some examples of the types of case studies that relate to this topic:

Examples of Related Case Studies:

  • Municipal Solid Waste Management in Indore, India:
    • Indore has gained recognition for its effective municipal solid waste management system. Key aspects include:
      • 100% door-to-door waste collection.
      • Source segregation.
      • Composting and biomethanation plants.
      • Public awareness campaigns.
    • This case demonstrates how a city can significantly improve its waste management through a systematic and integrated approach.
  • Construction and Demolition (C&D) Waste Management in Urban Centers:
    • Many cities are developing strategies to manage C&D waste due to the increasing volume of construction and demolition activities.
    • Case studies often focus on:
      • The implementation of C&D waste recycling facilities.
      • Policies that promote the use of recycled C&D materials.
      • The challenges of managing hazardous C&D waste.
  • Panchgani, India waste management success story:
    • This location has shown great success in waste management.
    • Key components of their success include:
      • Achieving high levels of source segregation.
      • Utilizing innovative waste processing and recovery methods.
      • Strong community engagement.

Key Takeaways from These Case Studies:

  • Source segregation is essential: Effective waste management begins with separating waste at the source.
  • Community involvement is crucial: Public awareness and participation are vital for the success of any waste management program.
  • Integrated approaches are necessary: Combining various strategies, such as recycling, composting, and waste-to-energy, is essential for sustainable waste management.
  • Policy and enforcement matters: Strong regulations and effective enforcement are needed to ensure compliance.

When looking at case studies, it’s important to consider the specific context, such as the local regulations, infrastructure, and socio-economic factors.

COURTESY : EcoMastery Project

White paper on Civil Strong Waste Administration, Post-inhabitance ?

Creating a comprehensive white paper on “Civil Strong Waste Administration, Post-inhabitance” would involve synthesizing information from various sources and addressing key areas. Here’s an outline of what such a white paper might include, along with key considerations:

White Paper Outline:

  • 1. Introduction:
    • Define “Civil Strong Waste Administration, Post-inhabitance.”
    • Explain the growing importance of this topic due to urbanization, population growth, and environmental concerns.
    • State the purpose and scope of the white paper.
  • 2. The Scope of Post-Inhabitance Waste:
    • Construction and Demolition (C&D) Waste:
      • Types of C&D waste.
      • Environmental impacts.
      • Challenges in managing C&D waste.
    • Municipal Solid Waste (MSW):
      • Sources of MSW in post-inhabitance scenarios.
      • Challenges in MSW management.
      • The impact of different types of buildings on the kinds of waste created.
  • 3. Key Principles of Strong Waste Administration:
    • Waste Reduction:
      • Strategies for minimizing waste generation.
      • Sustainable building materials and practices.
    • Waste Segregation and Collection:
      • Best practices for source segregation.
      • Efficient collection systems.
    • Recycling and Resource Recovery:
      • Technologies for recycling C&D waste and MSW.
      • The role of the circular economy.
    • Responsible Disposal:
      • Sanitary landfill management.
      • Waste-to-energy technologies.
  • 4. Regulatory and Policy Frameworks:
    • Overview of relevant international and national regulations.
    • The importance of effective enforcement.
    • The role of incentives and disincentives.
  • 5. Technological Innovations:
    • Smart waste management systems.
    • Digital tools for waste tracking and analysis.
    • Advances in recycling and waste processing technologies.
  • 6. Case Studies and Best Practices:
    • Highlight successful examples of post-inhabitance waste management.
    • Analyze the factors contributing to their success.
    • Example case studies, like Indore, India’s success in municipal waste management.
  • 7. Challenges and Solutions:
    • Identify key challenges in implementing effective waste administration.
    • Propose solutions and recommendations.
  • 8. Conclusion:
    • Summarize the key findings.
    • Emphasize the importance of a collaborative and integrated approach.
    • Outline future directions for research and action.

Key Considerations:

  • Sustainability: Emphasize the importance of sustainable waste management practices.
  • Circular Economy: Promote the concept of a circular economy to minimize waste and maximize resource recovery.
  • Technological Integration: Highlight the role of technology in improving waste management efficiency.
  • Stakeholder Engagement: Stress the importance of collaboration among governments, businesses, and communities.

By addressing these key areas, a white paper can provide valuable insights into the challenges and opportunities of “Civil Strong Waste Administration, Post-inhabitance.”

Industrial application of Civil Strong Waste Administration, Post-inhabitance ?

“Civil Strong Waste Administration, Post-inhabitance” has significant industrial applications, particularly within the construction, demolition, and manufacturing sectors. Here’s how it translates into practical industrial uses:

Key Industrial Applications:

  • Construction and Demolition (C&D) Waste Recycling:
    • Industries involved in demolition and renovation can implement on-site or off-site C&D waste recycling facilities.
    • This involves:
      • Crushing concrete and asphalt for use as aggregate in new construction projects.
      • Salvaging and repurposing steel, wood, and other materials.
      • Separating and recycling drywall, insulation, and other building components.
  • Manufacturing and Material Reuse:
    • Industries can incorporate recycled C&D materials into manufacturing processes.
    • Examples include:
      • Using recycled concrete aggregate in the production of new concrete blocks or pavers.
      • Manufacturing composite materials from recycled wood and plastics.
      • Recycling metals from demolished structures for use in new metal products.
  • Waste-to-Energy (WtE) Plants:
    • Industrial facilities can utilize WtE technologies to convert non-recyclable waste into energy.
    • This reduces landfill volume and provides a source of renewable energy.
  • Industrial Site Remediation:
    • Post-inhabitance waste management is crucial for industrial site remediation.
    • This involves:
      • Removing and disposing of contaminated soil and debris.
      • Decommissioning and dismantling industrial structures.
      • Restoring the site to a safe and usable condition.
  • Supply Chain Optimization:
    • Industries can implement waste tracking and management systems to optimize their supply chains.
    • This includes:
      • Monitoring waste generation at each stage of production.
      • Identifying opportunities for waste reduction and recycling.
      • Tracking the flow of materials and waste throughout the supply chain.
  • Development of Sustainable Building Materials:
    • Industrial research and development can focus on creating new building materials that incorporate recycled content and minimize waste generation.

Industrial Benefits:

  • Reduced landfill costs.
  • Conservation of natural resources.
  • Reduced environmental impact.
  • Enhanced corporate sustainability.
  • Creation of new business opportunities in recycling and resource recovery.

In essence, the industrial application of “Civil Strong Waste Administration, Post-inhabitance” promotes a circular economy approach, where waste is viewed as a valuable resource.

Research and development of Civil Strong Waste Administration, Post-inhabitance ?

Research and development (R&D) in “Civil Strong Waste Administration, Post-inhabitance” is crucial for creating more sustainable and efficient waste management systems. Here’s a look at key areas of R&D:

Key R&D Areas:

  • Advanced Recycling Technologies:
    • Developing new technologies for separating and processing mixed waste streams, particularly C&D waste.
    • Researching innovative methods for recycling materials like composite materials, mixed plastics, and specialized building components.
    • Improving the efficiency and cost-effectiveness of recycling processes.
  • Sustainable Building Materials:
    • Investigating the use of recycled C&D materials in new construction materials, such as concrete, bricks, and asphalt.
    • Developing bio-based and biodegradable building materials to reduce waste generation.
    • Researching methods to enhance the durability and performance of recycled building materials.
  • Waste-to-Energy (WtE) and Alternative Waste Treatment:
    • Improving the efficiency and emissions control of WtE facilities.
    • Developing new technologies for converting waste into biofuels and other valuable products.
    • Exploring alternative waste treatment methods, such as anaerobic digestion and pyrolysis.
  • Smart Waste Management Systems:
    • Developing sensor-based systems for real-time waste monitoring and collection optimization.
    • Utilizing artificial intelligence (AI) and machine learning (ML) for waste sorting and analysis.
    • Creating digital platforms for waste tracking and management.
  • Life Cycle Assessment (LCA):
    • Conducting LCAs to assess the environmental impacts of different waste management strategies.
    • Developing tools and methodologies for evaluating the sustainability of building materials and construction practices.
    • Using LCA to inform policy decisions and promote sustainable waste management.
  • Construction and Demolition Waste Specific Research:
    • Researching improved deconstruction techniques, to increase material salvage.
    • Developing better methods for identification and seperation of hazardous materials within C&D waste.
    • Creating better logistical systems for the movement of C&D waste to recycling facilities.
  • Policy and Social Research:
    • Investigating the effectiveness of different waste management policies and regulations.
    • Conducting social research to understand public attitudes and behaviors towards waste management.
    • Developing strategies for promoting public awareness and engagement.

Importance of R&D:

  • R&D is essential for developing innovative solutions to address the growing waste challenge.
  • It can help to improve the efficiency and sustainability of waste management systems.
  • It can also create new economic opportunities in the recycling and resource recovery sectors.

By investing in R&D, we can move towards a more circular economy and reduce the environmental impact of waste.

COURTESY : Unite Civil Hub

References

  1. ^ “Environment Statistics”United Nations Statistics DivisionArchived from the original on 17 March 2017. Retrieved 3 March 2017.
  2. Jump up to:a b Giusti, L. (1 August 2009). “A review of waste management practices and their impact on human health”Waste Management29 (8): 2227–2239. Bibcode:2009WaMan..29.2227Gdoi:10.1016/j.wasman.2009.03.028ISSN 0956-053XPMID 19401266Archived from the original on 25 November 2018. Retrieved 4 December 2020.
  3. ^ “Waste”Environment Statistics. United Nations Statistics Division. Archived from the original on 1 December 2017. Retrieved 3 March 2017.
  4. ^ “Wastes”U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. 2 November 2017. Retrieved 19 August 2023.
  5. ^ Davidson, Gary (June 2011). “Waste Management Practices: Literature Review” (PDF). Dalhousie University – Office of Sustainability. Archived from the original (PDF) on 1 February 2012. Retrieved 3 March 2017.
  6. Jump up to:a b “Solid Waste Management”World BankArchived from the original on 30 September 2020. Retrieved 28 September 2020.
  7. ^ “Glossary of environmental and waste management terms”. Handbook of Solid Waste Management and Waste Minimization Technologies. Butterworth-Heinemann. 2003. pp. 337–465. doi:10.1016/B978-075067507-9/50010-3ISBN 9780750675079.
  8. ^ “Climate Change 2022: Mitigation of Climate Change”www.ipcc.ch. Retrieved 5 April 2022.
  9. ^ Gollakota, Anjani R. K.; Gautam, Sneha; Shu, Chi-Min (1 May 2020). “Inconsistencies of e-waste management in developing nations – Facts and plausible solutions”Journal of Environmental Management261: 110234. Bibcode:2020JEnvM.26110234Gdoi:10.1016/j.jenvman.2020.110234ISSN 0301-4797PMID 32148304S2CID 212641354Archived from the original on 20 September 2021. Retrieved 27 February 2021.
  10. ^ Elegba, S. B. (2006). “Import/export control of radioactive sources in Nigeria”Safety and security of radioactive sources: Towards a global system for the continuous control of sources throughout their life cycle. Proceedings of an international conferenceArchived from the original on 20 September 2021. Retrieved 27 February 2021.
  11. ^ “E –Waste Management through Regulations” (PDF). International Journal of Engineering InventionsArchived (PDF) from the original on 16 July 2021. Retrieved 27 February 2021.
  12. ^ “Health crisis: Up to a billion tons of waste potentially burned in the open every year”phys.orgArchived from the original on 25 January 2021. Retrieved 13 February 2021.
  13. ^ Cook, E.; Velis, C. A. (6 January 2021). “Global Review on Safer End of Engineered Life”Global Review on Safer End of Engineered LifeArchived from the original on 22 February 2021. Retrieved 13 February 2021.
  14. ^ R. Dhana, Raju (2021). “Waste Management in India – An Overview” (PDF). United International Journal for Research & Technology (UIJRT)02 (7): 175–196. eISSN 2582-6832Archived (PDF) from the original on 24 June 2021. Retrieved 21 June 2021.
  15. ^ Sankar, Ajith (2015). Environmental Management. New Delhi: Oxford University Press. ISBN 9780199458912.
  16. ^ Albert, Raleigh (4 August 2011). “The Proper Care and Use of a Garbage Disposal”Disposal MagArchived from the original on 13 July 2018. Retrieved 3 March 2017.
  17. ^ “14.6: Waste Management”Medicine LibreTexts. 30 August 2021. Retrieved 19 August 2023.
  18. Jump up to:a b c d Guidelines for National Waste Management Strategies Moving from Challenges to Opportunities (PDF). United Nations Environmental Programme. 2013. ISBN 978-92-807-3333-4. Archived from the original (PDF) on 4 March 2016. Retrieved 3 May 2014.
  19. ^ “14.6: Waste Management”Medicine LibreTexts. 30 August 2021. Retrieved 17 June 2023.
  20. ^ “What is the polluter pays principle?”LSE. 11 May 2018. Archived from the original on 6 February 2020. Retrieved 7 February 2020.
  21. ^ Barbalace, Roberta Crowell (1 August 2003). “The History of Waste”. EnvironmentalChemistry.com. Retrieved 9 December 2013.
  22. ^ Florence Nightingale, Selected Writings of Florence Nightingale Archived 1 November 2014 at the Wayback Machine, ed. Lucy Ridgely Seymer (New York: The Macmillan Co., 1954), pp. 38287
  23. Jump up to:a b Herbert, Lewis (2007). “Centenary History of Waste and Waste Managers in London and South East England”Chartered Institution of Wastes Management.[permanent dead link]
  24. ^ Chadwick, Edwin (1842). Report…from the Poor Law Commissioners on an Inquiry into the Sanitary Conditions of the Labouring Population of Great Britain. London. pp. 369–372. Archived from the original on 30 May 2019. Retrieved 13 January 2015 – via The Victorian Web.
  25. ^ Hamlin, Christopher; Sheard, Sally (29 August 1998). “Revolutions in public health: 1848, and 1998?”BMJ: British Medical Journal317 (7158): 587–591. doi:10.1136/bmj.317.7158.587ISSN 0959-8138PMC 1113797PMID 9721121.
  26. Jump up to:a b “History of Solid Waste Management”. Washington, D.C.: National Waste & Recycling Association. Archived from the original on 24 October 2013. Retrieved 9 December 2013.
  27. ^ Maier, D. (1979). “Nineteenth-Century Asante Medical Practices”. Comparative Studies in Society and History21 (1): 63–81. doi:10.1017/S0010417500012652JSTOR 178452PMID 11614369S2CID 19587869.
  28. ^ Gandy, Matthew (1994). Recycling and the Politics of Urban Waste. Earthscan. ISBN 9781853831683.
  29. ^ “Covered Bodies”. Archived from the original on 6 January 2015.
  30. ^ “Siemens” (PDF). www.siemens.comArchived (PDF) from the original on 22 January 2021. Retrieved 24 January 2021.
  31. ^ Kaufman, Scott M.; Krishnan, Nikhil; Themelis, Nickolas J. (1 August 2010). “A Screening Life Cycle Metric to Benchmark the Environmental Sustainability of Waste Management Systems”Environmental Science & Technology44 (15): 5949–5955. Bibcode:2010EnST…44.5949Kdoi:10.1021/es100505uISSN 0013-936XPMID 20666561.
  32. ^ “Segregation of waste”The Nation. 2 February 2019. Archived from the original on 25 September 2020. Retrieved 28 September 2020.
  33. ^ “Why should I segregate my waste properly? | EMS”www.em-solutions.co.uk. 10 August 2016. Archived from the original on 22 September 2020. Retrieved 28 September 2020.
  34. ^ Raj, K.; Prasad, K. K.; Bansal, N. K. (1 April 2006). “Radioactive waste management practices in India”Nuclear Engineering and Design. India’s Reactors: Past, Present, Future. 236 (7): 914–930. Bibcode:2006NuEnD.236..914Rdoi:10.1016/j.nucengdes.2005.09.036ISSN 0029-5493Archived from the original on 12 January 2012. Retrieved 4 December 2020.
  35. ^ Tomita, Andrew; Cuadros, Diego F; Burns, Jonathan K; Tanser, Frank; Slotow, Rob (16 June 2020). “Exposure to waste sites and their impact on health: a panel and geospatial analysis of nationally representative data from South Africa, 2008–2015”The Lancet. Planetary Health4 (6): e223 – e234. doi:10.1016/S2542-5196(20)30101-7ISSN 2542-5196PMC 7302423PMID 32559439.
  36. ^ “Why is poverty linked with exposure to toxic chemicals?”www.medicalnewstoday.com. 12 August 2021. Retrieved 6 November 2023.
  37. ^ “Regulatory and Guidance Information by Topic: Waste”Environmental Protection Agency. 10 November 2014.
  38. ^ “Overview of technologies for the treatment of infectious and sharp waste from health care facilities”www.who.int. Retrieved 7 November 2023.
  39. ^ Velis, Costas; Conversation, The. “Health crisis: Up to a billion tons of waste potentially burned in the open every year”phys.org. Retrieved 7 November 2023.
  40. ^ “Financing of Solid Waste Management Projects | BioEnergy Consult”. 28 September 2019. Archived from the original on 23 October 2020. Retrieved 28 September 2020.
  41. ^ Ergun, Merve (5 August 2022). “The Waste Tax in Italy”doi:10.2139/ssrn.4182310S2CID 251685226{{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires |journal= (help)
  42. ^ “01-DMG” (PDF). web.mit.eduArchived (PDF) from the original on 19 June 2018. Retrieved 24 January 2021.
  43. ^ Carroll, Gregory J.; Thurnau, Robert C.; Fournier, Donald J. (5 March 2012). “Mercury Emissions from a Hazardous Waste Incinerator Equipped with a State-of-the-Art WetScrubber”Journal of the Air & Waste Management Association45 (9): 730–736. doi:10.1080/10473289.1995.10467401.
  44. ^ “Energies”www.mdpi.comArchived from the original on 11 October 2020. Retrieved 16 October 2020.
  45. ^ “what is recycling”What is Recycling. 28 September 2020 – via conserve energy future.[permanent dead link]
  46. ^ City of Chicago, Illinois. Department of Streets and Sanitation. “What is Single Stream Recycling.” Archived 23 February 2014 at the Wayback Machine Accessed 2013-12-09.
  47. ^ Montgomery County, Maryland. Division of Solid Waste Services. “Curbside Collection.” Archived 17 December 2013 at the Wayback Machine Accessed 2013-12-09.
  48. ^ “Types of Recycling”ISM Waste & RecyclingArchived from the original on 6 February 2020. Retrieved 28 September 2020.
  49. ^ Walker, T. R. (2018). China’s ban on imported plastic waste could be a game changer. Nature, 553(7689), 405–405.
  50. ^ “Waste Management – Biological Reprocessing”. 3 July 2010. Archived from the original on 30 September 2020. Retrieved 28 September 2020.
  51. Jump up to:a b “Energy Recovery from Waste”. USEPA. 2014. Archived from the original on 7 April 2014. Retrieved 3 May 2014.
  52. ^ “Waste Hierarchy”. New Energy Corporation. 2014. Archived from the original on 16 May 2014. Retrieved 3 May 2014.
  53. ^ Czajczyńska, D.; Anguilano, L.; Ghazal, H.; Krzyżyńska, R.; Reynolds, A.J.; Spencer, N.; Jouhara, H. (September 2017). “Potential of pyrolysis processes in the waste management sector”Thermal Science and Engineering Progress3: 171–197. Bibcode:2017TSEP….3..171Cdoi:10.1016/j.tsep.2017.06.003.
  54. ^ Oxford Reference – Pyrolysis
  55. ^ Encyclopedia Britannica
  56. ^ By Prabir Basu: Biomass Gasification, Pyrolysis, and Torrefaction: Practical Design and Theory
  57. ^ Chen, Dezhen; Yin, Lijie; Wang, Huan; He, Pinjing (December 2014). “Pyrolysis technologies for municipal solid waste: A review”. Waste Management34 (12): 2466–2486. Bibcode:2014WaMan..34.2466Cdoi:10.1016/j.wasman.2014.08.004PMID 25256662.
  58. ^ “Frequent Questions”. USEPA. 2012. Archived from the original on 7 April 2014. Retrieved 3 May 2014.
  59. Jump up to:a b “Resource Recovery”. Government of Montana. 2012. Archived from the original on 7 April 2014. Retrieved 3 April 2014.
  60. Jump up to:a b “What is Resource Recovery?”. Grand Traverse County. 2006. Archived from the original on 7 April 2014. Retrieved 3 April 2014.
  61. Jump up to:a b c d Kabongo, Jean D. (2013), “Waste Valorization”, in Idowu, Samuel O.; Capaldi, Nicholas; Zu, Liangrong; Gupta, Ananda Das (eds.), Encyclopedia of Corporate Social Responsibility, Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer, pp. 2701–2706, doi:10.1007/978-3-642-28036-8_680ISBN 978-3-642-28036-8, retrieved 17 June 2021
  62. ^ “Waste Valorization”www.aiche.org. Retrieved 17 June 2021.
  63. Jump up to:a b “When a waste becomes a resource for energy and new materials”www.biogreen-energy.com. 28 December 2017. Retrieved 17 June 2021.
  64. ^ Nzihou, Ange; Lifset, Reid (March 2010). “Waste Valorization, Loop-Closing, and Industrial Ecology”Journal of Industrial Ecology14 (2): 196–199. Bibcode:2010JInEc..14..196Ndoi:10.1111/j.1530-9290.2010.00242.xS2CID 155060338.
  65. Jump up to:a b “Waste and Biomass Valorization”Springer. Retrieved 17 June 2021.
  66. ^ Arancon, Rick Arneil D.; Lin, Carol Sze Ki; Chan, King Ming; Kwan, Tsz Him; Luque, Rafael (2013). “Advances on waste valorization: new horizons for a more sustainable society”Energy Science & Engineering1 (2): 53–71. Bibcode:2013EneSE…1…53Adoi:10.1002/ese3.9ISSN 2050-0505.
  67. ^ “Liquid Waste | Waste Management”u.osu.edu. Retrieved 28 September 2020.
  68. ^ Tchobanoglous G, Burton FL, Stensel HD (2003). Metcalf & Eddy Wastewater Engineering: treatment and reuse (4th ed.). McGraw-Hill Book Company. ISBN 0-07-041878-0.
  69. ^ George Tchobanoglous; Franklin L. Burton; H. David Stensel (2003). “Chapter 3: Analysis and Selection of Wastewater Flowrates and Constituent Loadings”. Metcalf & Eddy Wastewater engineering: treatment and reuse (4th ed.). Boston: McGraw-Hill. ISBN 0-07-041878-0OCLC 48053912.
  70. ^ Von Sperling, M. (2007). “Wastewater Characteristics, Treatment and Disposal”Water Intelligence Online6doi:10.2166/9781780402086ISSN 1476-1777 Text was copied from this source, which is available under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License
  71. ^ “Pollution Prevention Case Studies”. Washington, D.C.: U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). 11 August 2021.
  72. ^ Henze, M.; van Loosdrecht, M.C.M.; Ekama, G.A.; Brdjanovic, D. (2008). Biological Wastewater Treatment: Principles, Modelling and Design. IWA Publishing. doi:10.2166/9781780401867ISBN 978-1-78040-186-7S2CID 108595515. (Spanish and Arabic versions are available online for free)
  73. ^ Von Sperling, M. (2015). “Wastewater Characteristics, Treatment and Disposal”Water Intelligence Online6: 9781780402086. doi:10.2166/9781780402086ISSN 1476-1777.
  74. ^ “Centrifuge Thickening and Dewatering. Fact sheet”. EPA. September 2000. EPA 832-F-00-053.
  75. ^ “Belt Filter Press. Fact sheet”Biosolids. EPA. September 2000. EPA 832-F-00-057.
  76. ^ Panagos, Panos; Ballabio, Cristiano; Lugato, Emanuele; Jones, Arwyn; Borrelli, Pasquale; Scarpa, Simone; Orgiazzi, Albert o; Montanarella, Luca (9 July 2018). “Potential Sources of Anthropogenic Copper Inputs to European Agricultural Soils”Sustainability10 (7): 2380. doi:10.3390/su10072380ISSN 2071-1050.
  77. ^ C., Reed, Sherwood (1988). Natural systems for waste management and treatment. Middlebrooks, E. Joe., Crites, Ronald W. New York: McGraw-Hill. pp. 268–290ISBN 0070515212OCLC 16087827.
  78. ^ “Waste Minimization”ehs.ucsc.eduArchived from the original on 21 January 2021. Retrieved 28 September 2020.
  79. ^ “Removing food remains to reduce waste”. Recycling Guide. 14 February 2008. Archived from the original on 28 April 2010. Retrieved 25 September 2012.
  80. ^ Schneider, Michael; Johnson, Liz. “Lightweighting”. Projects in Scientific Computing. Pittsburgh Supercomputing Center, Carnegie Mellon University, University of Pittsburgh. Archived from the original on 25 February 2009. Retrieved 25 September 2012.
  81. Jump up to:a b c “3: Waste Generation” (PDF). What a Waste: A Global Review of Solid Waste Management (Report). Urban Development. World Bank. pp. 8–13.
  82. ^ Nixon, Rob (2011). Slow Violence and the Environmentalism of the Poor. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
  83. ^ Grossman, Gene M.; Krueger, Alan B. (1994). “Environmental Impacts of a North American Free Trade Agreement”. In Garber, Peter (ed.). The U.S. Mexico Free Trade Agreement. MIT Press. pp. 13–56doi:10.3386/w3914ISBN 0-262-07152-5.
  84. ^ Smith, Jackie (March 2001). “Globalizing Resistance: The Battle of Seattle and the Future of Social Movements” (PDF). Mobilization: An International Quarterly6 (1): 1–19. doi:10.17813/maiq.6.1.y63133434t8vq608.
  85. ^ 15 Harv. J. L. & Pub. Pol’y 373 (1992)Fallacies of Free Market Environmentalism, The ; Blumm, Michael C.
  86. ^ Polychroniou, CJ. “Neoliberalism and the Politics of Higher Education: An Interview With Henry A. Giroux.” Truthout. N.p., 26 Mar. 2013. Web. 13 Apr. 2014. <http://truth-out.org/news/item/15237-predatory-capitalism-and-the-attack-on-higher-education-an-interview-with-henry-a-giroux>.
  87. ^ Gérard Duménil; Dominique Lévy (23 September 2005). “Neoliberalism – Neoimperialism” (PDF). EconomiX-CNRS and PSE-CNRS: 1–12. Archived from the original (PDF) on 14 July 2014.
  88. ^ “Global Trade Liberalization and the Developing Countries”An IMF Issues Brief. International Monetary Fund. November 2001. Retrieved 11 April 2014.
  89. Jump up to:a b c Jay Johnson; Gary Pecquet; Leon Taylor (Fall 2007). “Potential Gains from Trade in Dirty Industries: Revisiting Lawrence Summers’ Memo” (PDF). Cato Journal27 (3). Cato Institute: 398–402.
  90. ^ Dao-Tuan, Anh; Nguyen-Thi-Ngoc, Anh; Nguyen-Trong, Khanh; Bui-Tuan, Anh; Dinh-Thi-Hai, Van (2018), Chen, Yuanfang; Duong, Trung Q. (eds.), “Optimizing Vehicle Routing with Path and Carbon Dioxide Emission for Municipal Solid Waste Collection in Ha Giang, Vietnam”, Industrial Networks and Intelligent Systems, Lecture Notes of the Institute for Computer Sciences, Social Informatics and Telecommunications Engineering, vol. 221, Springer International Publishing, pp. 212–227, doi:10.1007/978-3-319-74176-5_19ISBN 9783319741758
  91. ^ Abarca Guerrero, Lilliana; Maas, Ger; Hogland, William (2013). “Solid waste management challenges for cities in developing countries” (PDF). Waste Management33 (1): 220–232. Bibcode:2013WaMan..33..220Gdoi:10.1016/j.wasman.2012.09.008PMID 23098815S2CID 205673283Archived (PDF) from the original on 10 June 2024 – via Academia Ucentral.
  92. ^ Zafar, Salman (29 January 2020). “Waste Management Challenges in Developing Nations”BioEnergy ConsultArchived from the original on 27 September 2020. Retrieved 28 September 2020.
  93. ^ Claire Swedberg (4 February 2014). “Air-Trak Brings Visibility to Waste Management”. RFID Journal. Archived from the original on 2 October 2015. Retrieved 1 October 2015.
  94. ^ Abdoli, S (28 September 2020). “RFID Application in Municipal Solid Waste Management system”International Journal of Environmental Research – via ResearchGate.
  95. ^ “Sensors Used in Waste Management”NORD SENSE. Retrieved 15 April 2024.
  96. ^ “Madrid: Eliminating Overflowing Waste with Reliable and High-Quality Data”NORD SENSE. Retrieved 15 April 2024.
  97. ^ United Nations Environment Programme, UN. “Global Waste Management Outlook 2024” (PDF). www.unep.org. Retrieved 4 April 2024.
  98. ^ “No time to waste: A sustainability challenge for cities”Atlas of Sustainable Development Goals 2023. Retrieved 20 May 2024.
  99. ^ Ding, Yin (2021). “A review of China’s municipal solid waste (MSW) and comparison with international regions: Management and technologies in treatment and resource utilization”. Journal of Cleaner Production293: 126144. Bibcode:2021JCPro.29326144Ddoi:10.1016/j.jclepro.2021.126144S2CID 233579268.
  100. ^ “How the world should cope with its growing piles of rubbish”The EconomistArchived from the original on 3 October 2018. Retrieved 3 October 2018.
  101. Jump up to:a b c d “Zero Waste Case Study: San Francisco”U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. 1 March 2013. Retrieved 3 August 2023.
  102. ^ Brigham, Katie (14 July 2018). “How San Francisco sends less trash to the landfill than any other major U.S. city”CNBC. Retrieved 3 August 2023.
  103. Jump up to:a b “Turkey”Waste Atlas. University of GGBC and ISWA. Retrieved 6 April 2015.
  104. ^ DEFRA, Waste management plan for England Archived 25 January 2021 at the Wayback Machine, accessed 22 December 2020
  105. ^ “Project Detail”sgp.undp.org. Retrieved 28 September 2020.
  106. ^ “The Global E-waste Monitor 2020 – Quantities, flows, and the circular economy potential”UNITA.
  107. ^ “Map”unitar.
  108. ^ Parajuly K, Kuehr R, Awasthi AK, Fitzpatrick C, Lepawsky J, Smith E, Widmer R, Zeng X (2019). Future E-waste Scenarios (PDF). unitar (Report). StEP (Bonn), UNU ViE-SCYCLE (Bonn) & UNEP IETC (Osaka).
  109. ^ “The Global Transboundary E-waste Flows Monitor 2022”Unitar. United Nation Institute for Training and Re

Leave a Comment

Your email address will not be published. Required fields are marked *

Translate »